Canonical Causal Diagrams to Guide the Treatment of Missing Data in Epidemiologic Studies.

Canonical Causal Diagrams to Guide the Treatment of Missing Data in Epidemiologic Studies.
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在流行病学研究中指导缺失数据的治疗的规范因果图。

DOI:
10.1093/aje/kwy173
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发表时间:
2018-12-01
影响因子:
5
通讯作者:
Carlin JB
Carlin JB
中科院分区:
医学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Moreno-Betancur M;Lee KJ;Leacy FP;White IR;Simpson JA;Carlin JB

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对于不完整数据,“随机缺失”(MAR)假设被广泛理解为使用适当的方法进行无偏估计。虽然强调需要评估最低年度报告的可行性,并进行考虑到“非随机缺失”情况的敏感性分析,但很少承认这些任务的实际困难。与多变量的缺失,MAR的意思是很难把握,在许多MNAR的情况下,无偏估计是可能的,使用通常与MAR的方法。有向无环图(DAG)已被提出作为一种替代框架,指定实际访问的假设超出MAR-MNAR二分法。然而,目前没有通用算法来决定如何处理给定特定DAG的缺失数据。在这里,我们构建了“典型”的DAG捕捉典型的缺失机制的流行病学研究与暴露,结果和混杂因素的不完整数据。对于每个DAG,我们确定共同的目标参数是否是“可恢复的”,这意味着它们可以表示为可用数据分布的函数,从而一致地估计,或者是否需要敏感性分析。我们调查的性能可用的情况下,多重插补程序。使用澳大利亚儿童纵向研究(2004-2008)的第1-3波数据,我们说明了我们的研究结果如何指导点暴露研究中缺失数据的处理。
With incomplete data, the “missing at random” (MAR) assumption is widely understood to enable unbiased estimation with appropriate methods. While the need to assess the plausibility of MAR and to perform sensitivity analyses considering “missing not at random” (MNAR) scenarios has been emphasized, the practical difficulty of these tasks is rarely acknowledged. With multivariable missingness, what MAR means is difficult to grasp, and in many MNAR scenarios unbiased estimation is possible using methods commonly associated with MAR. Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) have been proposed as an alternative framework for specifying practically accessible assumptions beyond the MAR-MNAR dichotomy. However, there is currently no general algorithm for deciding how to handle the missing data given a specific DAG. Here we construct “canonical” DAGs capturing typical missingness mechanisms in epidemiologic studies with incomplete data on exposure, outcome, and confounding factors. For each DAG, we determine whether common target parameters are “recoverable,” meaning that they can be expressed as functions of the available data distribution and thus estimated consistently, or whether sensitivity analyses are necessary. We investigate the performance of available-case and multiple-imputation procedures. Using data from waves 1–3 of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (2004–2008), we illustrate how our findings can guide the treatment of missing data in point-exposure studies.
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