Evaluating pharmaceuticals and caffeine as indicators of fecal contamination in drinking water sources of the Greater Montreal region
Evaluating pharmaceuticals and caffeine as indicators of fecal contamination in drinking water sources of the Greater Montreal region
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DOI：
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.016
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发表时间：
2012-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
8.8
通讯作者：
Prevost, Michele
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Daneshvar, Atlasi;Aboulfadl, Khadija;Prevost, Michele
我们从 2007 年 4 月到 2009 年 1 月调查了大蒙特利尔地区四个不同的河流系统，污染入口点的上游和下游。研究的化合物属于三个不同的组：PPCP（咖啡因、卡马西平、萘普生、吉非罗齐和甲氧苄氨嘧啶）、激素（黄体酮、雌酮和雌二醇）以及三嗪除草剂及其代谢物（莠去津、去乙基莠去津、去异丙基莠去津、西玛津和氰嗪）。在具有低流量和高 TOC 的系统 A、B 和 C 中，我们观察到与其他化合物相比，PPCP 的检测频率和质量流量最高，反映了城市污染物通过污水处理厂和 CSO 的排放。然而，D 河流量高、TOC 低，三嗪及其副产品和 PPCP 的检测频率相当，反映了来自五大湖的这些化合物的累积负荷以及对自然衰减过程的持久性。考虑到咖啡因和卡马西平去除效率的巨大差异，咖啡因/卡马西平的高比例可能表明地表水中原污水与处理后废水的比例较大。此外，咖啡因似乎是近期城市粪便污染的一个有前景的指标，与 FC 显着相关（R-2 = 0.45），而卡马西平是累积持久性化合物的良好指标。 (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. 保留所有权利。
We surveyed four different river systems in the Greater Montreal region, upstream and downstream of entry points of contamination, from April 2007 to January 2009. The studied compounds belong to three different groups: PPCPs (caffeine, carbamazepine, naproxen, gemfibrozil, and trimethoprim), hormones (progesterone, estrone, and estradiol), and triazine herbicides and their metabolites (atrazine, deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, simazine, and cyanazine). In the system A. B, and C having low flow rate and high TOC, we observed the highest detection frequencies and mass flows of PPCPs compared to the other compounds, reflecting discharge of urban contaminations through WWTPs and CSOs. However, in River D, having high flow rate and low TOC, comparable frequency of detection of triazine and their by-products and PPCPs, reflecting cumulative loads of these compounds from the Great Lakes as well as persistency against natural attenuation processes. Considering large differences in the removal efficiencies of caffeine and carbamazepine, a high ratio of caffeine/carbamazepine might be an indicative of a greater proportion of raw sewage versus treated wastewater in surface waters. In addition, caffeine appeared to be a promising indicator of recent urban fecal contaminations, as shown by the significant correlation with FC (R-2 = 0.45), while carbamazepine is a good indicator of cumulative persistence compounds. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.