First impressions and last resorts - How listeners adjust to speaker variability
First impressions and last resorts - How listeners adjust to speaker variability
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02090.x
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发表时间：
2008-04-01
影响因子：
8.2
通讯作者：
Brennan, Susan E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kraljic, Tanya;Samuel, Arthur G.;Brennan, Susan E.
感知理论必须解释感知者如何从连续变化的物理信号中提取有意义的信息。在语音的例子中，令人困惑的是几乎不存在可靠的声学不变性。我们测试的假设，语音感知过程恢复不变量的信号，而是关于产生信号的源。从两个操作的结果表明，该系统学习的语音特性，导致从扬声器的特质;相同的属性时，他们可以归因于偶然因素没有学到。我们还发现了系统如何确定什么是特征的证据：在没有关于说话者的其他信息的情况下，系统依赖于情节顺序，将早期经验中存在的那些属性表示为说话者的特征。然而，当变异是一种临时状态（说话者嘴里的一支笔）的偶然结果，而不是说话者的特征时，这种“第一印象”偏见就可以被推翻。
Perceptual theories must explain how perceivers extract meaningful information from a continuously variable physical signal. In the case of speech, the puzzle is that little reliable acoustic invariance seems to exist. We tested the hypothesis that speech-perception processes recover invariants not about the signal, but rather about the source that produced the signal. Findings from two manipulations suggest that the system learns those properties of speech that result from idiosyncratic characteristics of the speaker; the same properties are not learned when they can be attributed to incidental factors. We also found evidence for how the system determines what is characteristic: In the absence of other information about the speaker, the system relies on episodic order, representing those properties present during early experience as characteristic of the speaker. This "first-impressions" bias can be overridden, however, when variation is an incidental consequence of a temporary state (a pen in the speaker's mouth), rather than characteristic of the speaker.