Inside the horn of plenty: Leaf-mining micromoth manipulates its host plant to obtain unending food provisioning
Inside the horn of plenty: Leaf-mining micromoth manipulates its host plant to obtain unending food provisioning
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0209485
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发表时间：
2018-12-21
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Ohshima, Issei
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Guiguet, Antoine;Hamatani, Akihisa;Ohshima, Issei
叶片是食草性昆虫的主要来源，叶片的性能主要取决于叶片的营养品质。已知有两种取食策略来优化对叶片资源的开发：选择性取食高营养质量的组织的取叶者和诱导生长出具有更高营养价值的新组织的胆汁诱导剂。众所周知，一些挖叶昆虫也能控制它们的营养环境，但不会影响植物的发育。叶矿愈伤组织增殖的案例已有报道，然而，这种昆虫在额外植物细胞的形成和这种组织的营养功能中的直接作用从未被确定。用实验的方法，我们发现小飞蛾Borboryctis euryae(鳞翅目：叶蛾科)幼虫在4龄时能在其叶核内积极地诱导愈伤组织增殖。我们的实验证明，在这个发育阶段，幼虫只以这种新形成的组织为食，这种组织的摄食对于完成幼虫阶段是必不可少的。物候学调查表明，愈伤组织的不断产生导致了4龄幼虫历期的显著扩大和变异。我们在这里提出了“聚宝盆”假说，认为挖叶幼虫诱导的新产生的愈伤组织提供了几乎无穷无尽的营养，这反过来又允许幼虫有灵活的发育时间。这代表了第一个挖叶者操纵植物发展为自己谋利的例子，就像诱导虫害一样。我们建议将这种生活方式命名为“矿山画廊”。
Leaves represent the main resource for herbivorous insects and their performances are mainly a function of leaf nutritional quality. Two feeding strategies are known to optimize the exploitation of leaf resources: leaf-miners that selectively feed on tissues of high nutritional quality and gall-inducers that induce the development of a new tissue showing an enhanced nutritional value. Some leaf-miners are known to also manipulate their nutritional environment, but do not affect plant development. Cases of callus proliferation in leaf-mines have been reported, however, the direct role of the insect in the formation of additional plant cells and the nutritional function of this tissue have never been established. Using an experimental approach, we show that leaf-mining larvae of micromoth, Borboryctis euryae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), that grow on Eurya japonica (Pentaphylacaceae), actively induce callus proliferation within their leaf-mine at the fourth instar. We experimentally demonstrated that, at this developmental stage, the larva feeds exclusively on this newly formed tissue and feeding of the tissue is essential for completing larval stage. Phenological census revealed considerable expansion and variation of fourth instar duration caused by the continuous production of callus. We propose here the "cornucopia" hypothesis which states that the newly produced callus induced by the leaf-mining larvae provides virtually unending nourishment, which in turn allows flexible larval development time. This represents the first example of a leaf-miner manipulating plant development to its benefit, like a gall-inducer. We propose to name this life style "mine-galler".