Access of the Poor to Water Supply and Sanitation in India: Salient Concepts, Issues and Cases
Access of the Poor to Water Supply and Sanitation in India: Salient Concepts, Issues and Cases
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印度穷人获得供水和卫生设施的机会：突出概念、问题和案例
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发表时间：
2010
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通讯作者：
Nitish Jha
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作者：
Nitish Jha
获得安全饮用水是生命和生计所必需的。在印度，中期评估显示，该国在扩大供水基础设施方面已经实现了其千年发展目标，尽管在与之平行的卫生领域，进展还远远没有达到目标。事实上，大多数基本观察表明，供水覆盖率并不像数字显示的那样好，而即使在近60年努力消除露天排便之后，国家卫生仍然很差。它认为，经济、技术、体制和社会因素限制了印度城市和农村穷人获得安全饮用水和适当卫生设施的机会，覆盖面数字没有反映这一限制。它发现，越来越多的社区被要求管理自己的供水和卫生计划，不仅在农村地区，而且在城市地区也是如此。如果顺利过渡到社区管理，这样的制度安排有一定的好处。然而，社区管理的成功机会往往受到影响，因为政策制定者误解和误用了对社区管理的水和卫生计划的成功至关重要的三个相互关联的概念：参与；水和卫生负担；以及项目所有权。最后，文件澄清了这些概念及其对该部门政策执行的影响。
Access to safe water is necessary for lives and livelihoods. In India, a mid-term assessment reveals that the country has already met its MDG (Millennium Development Goal) in terms of expanding access to water infrastructure although in the parallel subsector of sanitation progress is falling far short of the mark. In reality, most basic observations indicate that water supply coverage is not as good as the figures show while national sanitation continues to be poor even after almost six decades of efforts to eradicate open defecation. It argues that economic, technical, institutional as well as social factors constrain access to safe drinking water and proper sanitation in India for both the urban and rural poor, and that coverage figures do not reflect this restricted access. It finds that, increasingly, communities are being required to manage their own water and sanitation schemes, not just in rural areas but in urban ones as well. There are definite advantages to such an institutional arrangement if the transition to community management is carried out smoothly. Often, however, the chances of success of community management are vitiated because policy makers misunderstand and misapply three interlinked concepts that are crucial to the success of community-managed water and sanitation schemes?participation; water and sanitation burden; and project ownership. The paper concludes by clarifying these concepts and the implications they have for policy implementation in this sector.