Endocannabinoids and nutrition
Endocannabinoids and nutrition
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01687.x
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发表时间：
2008-05-01
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Artmann, A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hansen, H. S.;Artmann, A.
内源性大麻酰胺(AEA)和2-花生四烯酸甘油(2-AG)是来源于n-6多不饱和脂肪酸家族的生物活性脂类，是必需脂肪酸。大鼠必需脂肪酸缺乏的症状--生长迟缓、皮肤鳞屑和经皮失水增加--主要可归因于缺乏作为表皮结构元素的亚油酸。然而，花生四烯酸也具有重要的功能，特别是通过其对前列腺素、白三烯、肝素和其他二十烷类化合物等多种含氧衍生物的前体作用，在细胞信号转导中发挥作用。此外，花生四烯酸也是内源性大麻素的结构部分，具有与调节神经递质释放有关的信号功能，这可能涉及到食欲、能量代谢、痛觉、记忆和学习的调节等生理和病理生理现象。此外，随着AEA的形成，可能通过激活过氧化体增殖物激活受体α(PPARα)和/或GPR119，总是形成其他酰乙醇胺--例如，可以抑制食物摄入的油酰乙醇胺(OEA)和抗炎的棕榈酰乙醇胺。由于所有这些不饱和脂肪酸每天都被摄入更少或更多，人们可能会问，不同的饮食脂肪是否会影响这些组织中这些脂肪酸的水平，从而影响这些生物活性信号分子的数量形成。在体内，花生四烯酸和长链(n-3)脂肪酸(鱼油)的药理水平分别可以增加和减少花生四烯酸衍生二十烷类化合物的产量。然而，传统人类饮食中这两种脂肪酸水平的变化几乎不会影响二十烷类化合物的产生。此外，初步数据表明，饮食摄入花生四烯酸和鱼油也不容易影响内源性大麻素的形成；然而，饱和、多不饱和和单不饱和饮食脂肪似乎影响组织中AEA、2-AG和OEA的水平。
The endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are bioactive lipids derived from the n-6 family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that are essential fatty acids. Symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency in rats - growth retardation, scaly skin, and increased transepidermal water loss - can mainly be attributed to lack of linoleic acid as a structural element of the epidermis. Arachidonic acid, however, also serve essential functions, particularly in cellular signalling via its precursor role for numerous oxygenated derivatives such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, hepoxilins and other eicosanoids. Furthermore, arachidonic acid is also a structural part of endocannabinoids that have signalling functions in relation to modulation of neurotransmitter release, which might involve physiological and pathophysiological phenomena such as regulation of appetite, energy metabolism, pain perception, memory and learning. Furthermore, along with AEA formation other acylethanolamides are always formed - e.g., oleoylethanolamide (OEA), that can inhibit food intake, and palmitoylethanolamide, that is anti-inflammatory - possibly through activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha) and/or GPR119. As all these unsaturated fatty acids are ingested daily in smaller or larger amounts, one can ask whether different dietary fats can affect the levels of these fatty acids in the tissues and thereby the quantitative formation of these bioactive signalling molecules. Generally, in vivo arachidonic-acid-derived eicosanoid production can be increased and decreased by prolonged feeding with pharmacological levels of arachidonic acid and long-chain (n-3) fatty acids (fish oil), respectively. Changes in levels of these two fatty acids within the traditional human diet hardly affects the eicosanoid production, however. Moreover, preliminary data suggest that dietary intake of arachidonic acid and fish oil also doesn't easily affect endocannabinoid formation; however, dietary fat in terms of saturated, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated seems to affect tissue levels of AEA, 2-AG and OEA.