Control of the Cutaneous Circulation by the Central Nervous System
Control of the Cutaneous Circulation by the Central Nervous System
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DOI：
10.1002/cphy.c150034
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发表时间：
2016-07-01
影响因子：
5.8
通讯作者：
McKinley, Michael
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Blessing, William;McAllen, Robin;McKinley, Michael
中枢神经系统（CNS）通过控制交感神经流出，调节流向肢端皮肤床（包含动静脉畸形）的血流，这是稳态体温调节过程的一部分，是发热反应的一部分，也是与外部环境有目的的相互作用相关的认知-情感过程的一部分，包括那些由突出或威胁性事件（我们因恐惧而变得苍白）引发的过程。中枢神经系统的体温调节过程的输入包括皮肤感觉神经元，以及对颈内动脉血液温度敏感的视前区神经元。来自外感受器官（触觉、视觉、声音、嗅觉等）的认知情绪控制输入整合在包括杏仁核在内的前脑中心。精神活性药物对肢端皮肤循环有重要影响。内感受器，化学感受器超过压力感受器，也影响皮肤交感神经流出。一个主要的进展是在延髓缝吻侧发现了下脑干控制中心，调节棕色脂肪组织（BAT）和肢端皮肤床的流出。延髓中缝中的神经元通过其下行轴突投射，利用谷氨酸和5-羟色胺作为神经递质，增加控制皮肤脉管系统的脊髓交感神经节前神经元的放电。目前的证据表明，无论是温度调节和认知情绪控制的皮肤床从视前区，下丘脑，前脑中心的通道通过延髓缝。未来的研究无疑将进一步揭示连接这些吻侧控制中心与延髓中缝的神经递质通路的细节，以及中缝本身内的神经递质通路。(C)2016美国生理学会。
The central nervous system (CNS), via its control of sympathetic outflow, regulates blood flow to the acral cutaneous beds (containing arteriovenous anastomoses) as part of the homeostatic thermoregulatory process, as part of the febrile response, and as part of cognitive-emotional processes associated with purposeful interactions with the external environment, including those initiated by salient or threatening events (we go pale with fright). Inputs to the CNS for the thermoregulatory process include cutaneous sensory neurons, and neurons in the preoptic area sensitive to the temperature of the blood in the internal carotid artery. Inputs for cognitive-emotional control from the exteroceptive sense organs (touch, vision, sound, smell, etc.) are integrated in forebrain centers including the amygdala. Psychoactive drugs have major effects on the acral cutaneous circulation. Interoceptors, chemoreceptors more than baroreceptors, also influence cutaneous sympathetic outflow. A major advance has been the discovery of a lower brainstem control center in the rostral medullary raphe, regulating outflow to both brown adipose tissue (BAT) and to the acral cutaneous beds. Neurons in the medullary raphe, via their descending axonal projections, increase the discharge of spinal sympathetic preganglionic neurons controlling the cutaneous vasculature, utilizing glutamate, and serotonin as neurotransmitters. Present evidence suggests that both thermoregulatory and cognitive-emotional control of the cutaneous beds from preoptic, hypothalamic, and forebrain centers is channeled via the medullary raphe. Future studies will no doubt further unravel the details of neurotransmitter pathways connecting these rostral control centers with the medullary raphe, and those operative within the raphe itself. (C) 2016 American Physiological Society.