Virus Disinfection and Population Genetics: Toward the Control of Waterborne Virus Diseases by Water Engineering
Virus Disinfection and Population Genetics: Toward the Control of Waterborne Virus Diseases by Water Engineering
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DOI：
10.1007/s40726-021-00189-1
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发表时间：
2021-05-07
影响因子：
7.3
通讯作者：
Sano, Daisuke
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kadoya, Syun-suke;Katayama, Hiroyuki;Sano, Daisuke
主要的水传播病毒包括许多变体而不仅仅是一个主序列，并形成遗传多样性的群体。高度遗传多样性有利于适应环境变化，因为高度多样性的种群可能包括对不利影响有抵抗力的变异。消毒是一种广泛使用的病原体灭活工具，但由于病毒的进化性，在目前应用的消毒条件下，水传播病毒可能无法充分灭活。本文从病毒群体遗传学的角度，探讨消毒敏感性变化的可能性和影响因素。最近的发现为了测试病毒群体是否获得消毒抗性，在群体遗传学领域发展的进化实验已经被应用，表明消毒敏感性的变化。也证实了环境菌株的敏感性低于实验室菌株。在其中一些研究中，对消毒不太敏感的种群内的遗传多样性较高。病毒群体遗传学研究表明，群体内遗传多样性对病毒群体表型的贡献，因此，消毒敏感性的变化可能归因于遗传多样性。阐明病毒进化和消毒之间关系的研究最近才开始，但有关这种关系的重要信息已经积累。为了开发一种有效的控制水传播病毒的消毒策略，我们需要澄清消毒实践是否真正影响病毒爆发，通过完善实验室和现场实验相关的病毒演变在消毒施加的环境。
Purpose of Review Major waterborne viruses comprise numerous variants rather than only a master sequence and form a genetically diverse population. High genetic diversity is advantageous for adaptation to environmental changes because the highly diverse population likely includes variants resistant to an adverse effect. Disinfection is a broadly employed tool to inactivate pathogens, but due to virus evolvability, waterborne viruses may not be inactivated sufficiently in currently applied disinfection conditions. Here, by focusing on virus population genetics, we explore possibility and factor of emergence of disinfection sensitivity change. Recent Findings To test whether virus population obtains disinfection resistance, the evolutionary experiment developed in the field of population genetics has been applied, indicating the change in disinfection sensitivity. It has been also confirmed that the sensitivity of environmental strains is lower than that of laboratory strains. In some of these studies, genetic diversity within a population less sensitive to disinfection is higher. Researches in virus population genetics have shown the contribution of intra-population genetic diversity to virus population phenotype, so disinfection sensitivity change may attribute to the genetic diversity. The research elucidating a relationship between virus evolution and disinfection has only recently begun, but significant information about the relationship has been accumulated. To develop an effective disinfection strategy for the control of waterborne virus spread, we need to clarify whether disinfection practice truly affects virus outbreaks by refining both laboratory and field experiments related to virus evolution in the disinfection-exerted environment.