Locomotor ability and wariness in yellow-bellied marmots
Locomotor ability and wariness in yellow-bellied marmots
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1439-0310.2004.01000.x
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发表时间：
2004-08-01
期刊：
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
Daniel, JC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Blumstein, DT;Runyan, A;Daniel, JC
动物采用多种行为来减少或管理捕食风险。通常，这些都是孤立地研究的，但选择可能会作用于被称为行为综合征的行为包。我们专注于黄腹土拨鼠（旱獭flaviventris），并检查了三个常用的研究antipredator行为。我们拟合一般的线性模型来解释最大运行速度的变化，分配给警觉和觅食觅食的时间在觅食的回合，和飞行起始距离（FID）。土拨鼠的最大运行速度的影响下运行的基板，土拨鼠跑最快的泥土或低植被和最慢的石头或岩屑堆。倾斜和其他几个变量显示，影响其他土拨鼠物种的运行速度未能解释显着的变化，黄腹土拨鼠。从这些结果，我们预计旱獭是敏感的基板，而觅食，但不敏感的倾斜。然而，分配给觅食的时间是受倾斜，而不是由基板。在不同生境和不同坡度上观察到的觅食回合中，更多的时间分配给觅食，更少的时间分配给陡坡上的警戒，更少的时间分配给平地。底物影响FID。在高大植被中的土拨鼠比在矮植被中的土拨鼠对接近的人的容忍度更低。最后，我们发现最大运行速度模型的残差和分配给警戒和觅食模型的时间的残差之间存在显着的相关性。我们发现，土拨鼠在觅食时，跑得比预期的慢，警惕性更低。我们还发现，相对缓慢的土拨鼠从事更积极的觅食和觅食时的警惕性较低。这一发现表明了一种“觅食时运动能力谨慎”综合征。它还表明，脆弱的个体在觅食时会尽量减少暴露。
Animals employ a variety of behaviors to reduce or manage predation risk. Often, these are studied in isolation, but selection may act on packages of behavior that are referred to as behavioral syndromes. We focused on yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) and examined three commonly studied antipredator behaviors. We fitted general linear models to explain variation in maximum running speed, time allocated to vigilance and foraging during bouts of foraging, and flight initiation distance (FID). Marmot maximum running speed was influenced by the substrate run across; marmots ran fastest across dirt or low vegetation and slowest across stones or talus. Incline and several other variables shown to affect running speed in other marmot species failed to explain significant variation in yellow-bellied marmots. From these results we expected marmots to be sensitive to substrate while foraging, but insensitive to incline. However, time allocated to foraging was affected by incline but not by substrate. In bouts of foraging observed in different habitats, and on different inclines, more time was allocated to foraging and less to vigilance on steep slopes and less on level ground. Substrate influenced FID. Marmots in tall vegetation were less tolerant of an approaching person than were those in shorter vegetation. Finally, we found significant correlations between the residuals from the maximum running speed model and the residuals from the time allocated to vigilance and foraging models. We found a tendency for marmots that ran slower than predicted to be less vigilant while foraging. We also found that relatively slow marmots engaged in more active foraging and less vigilance during foraging bouts. This finding suggests a 'locomotor ability-wariness while foraging' syndrome. It also suggests that vulnerable individuals minimize their exposure while foraging.