Coevolution of languages and genes on the island of Sumba, eastern Indonesia
Coevolution of languages and genes on the island of Sumba, eastern Indonesia
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0704451104
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发表时间：
2007-10-09
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Hammer, Michael F.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lansing, J. Stephen;Cox, Murray P.;Hammer, Michael F.
许多研究表明，在全球范围内，语言和基因在人类群体中有很强的联系，但所有更大范围的遗传和语言模式都必须起源于社区一级的过程。我们研究了印度尼西亚东部松巴岛接触区的语言和遗传变异，大约3500年前，新石器时代的南岛农业社区在这里定居并开始与土著觅食社会互动。基于从29个地区取样的200个单词的斯瓦德什语列表的系统发育重建支持了桑巴纳语起源于单一祖先南岛语言的假设。然而，可追溯到原南岛语（PAn）的同源词（具有共同起源的词）的比例在分布在岛上的语言亚群中有所不同。有趣的是，来自南岛人（而不是土著）祖先的Y染色体谱系的百分比与PAn同源的保留之间存在正相关。我们还发现，在PAn同系词的百分比与许多桑班纳人认为他们的祖先到达该岛的地点的地理距离之间存在惊人的相关性。这些语言-基因-地理的相关性在如此精细的尺度上是前所未有的，这意味着不断扩张的农民和居住的狩猎采集者之间的社会互动的历史模式在很大程度上解释了松巴岛上社区层面的语言进化。我们提出了一个模型来解释语言和人口的共同进化在精细的空间和时间尺度。
Numerous studies indicate strong associations between languages and genes among human populations at the global scale, but all broader scale genetic and linguistic patterns must arise from processes originating at the community level. We examine linguistic and genetic variation in a contact zone on the eastern Indonesian island of Sumba, where Neolithic Austronesian farming communities settled and began interacting with aboriginal foraging societies approximate to 3,500 years ago. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on a 200-word Swadesh list sampled from 29 localities supports the hypothesis that Sumbanese languages derive from a single ancestral Austronesian language. However, the proportion of cognates (words with a common origin) traceable to Proto-Austronesian (PAn) varies among language subgroups distributed across the island. Interestingly, a positive correlation was found between the percentage of Y chromosome lineages that derive from Austronesian (as opposed to aboriginal) ancestors and the retention of PAn cognates. We also find a striking correlation between the percentage of PAn cognates and geographic distance from the site where many Sumbanese believe their ancestors arrived on the island. These language-gene-geography correlations, unprecedented at such a fine scale, imply that historical patterns of social interaction between expanding farmers and resident hunter-gatherers largely explain community-level language evolution on Sumba. We propose a model to explain linguistic and demographic coevolution at fine spatial and temporal scales.