Integrating the Human Sciences to Evolve Effective Policies.
Integrating the Human Sciences to Evolve Effective Policies.
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整合人文科学以制定有效的政策。
DOI：
10.1016/j.jebo.2012.12.018
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发表时间：
2013
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Cody,Christine
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Biglan,Anthony;Cody,Christine
本文描述了一种关于人类发展和福祉的进化观，并将其与经济学中突出的自利模型进行了对比。对于如何改善人类福祉，这两种方法有着截然不同的影响。心理学、预防科学和神经科学的研究正集中在两套截然不同的社会行为的重要性上--亲社会行为与反社会行为(犯罪、药物滥用、危险的性行为)以及相关问题，如抑郁症。个人和群体的亲社会性在这样的环境中发展：将有毒的生物和社会条件降至最低，促进和丰富亲社会行为和态度，限制反社会行为的机会，并培养对亲社会价值的追求。相反，反社会行为和相关问题出现在高度威胁和冲突的环境中。在过去的30年里，随机试验表明，许多家庭、学校和社区的干预措施可以防止大多数问题行为并促进亲社会。研究还表明，贫困和经济不平等是问题行为发展的主要风险因素。这份文件描述了能够减少贫困和有利于青年发展的政策。尽管很明显，理性自利的规范经济模型对经济学做出了重大贡献，但这里回顾的证据表明，如果社会要演变公共政策，促进整个人口的健康和福祉，它必须与人类发展和福祉的进化观相协调。
This paper describes an evolutionary perspective on human development and wellbeing and contrasts it with the model of self-interest that is prominent in economics. The two approaches have considerably different implications for how human wellbeing might be improved. Research in psychology, prevention science, and neuroscience is converging on an evolutionary account of the importance of two contrasting suites of social behavior—prosociality vs. antisocial behaviors (crime, drug abuse, risky sexual behavior) and related problems such as depression. Prosociality of individuals and groups evolves in environments that minimize toxic biological and social conditions, promote and richly reinforce prosocial behavior and attitudes, limit opportunities for antisocial behavior, and nurture the pursuit of prosocial values. Conversely, antisocial behavior and related problems emerge in environments that are high in threat and conflict. Over the past 30 years, randomized trials have shown numerous family, school, and community interventions to prevent most problem behaviors and promote prosociality. Research has also shown that poverty and economic inequality are major risk factors for the development of problem behaviors. The paper describes policies that can reduce poverty and benefit youth development. Although it is clear that the canonical economic model of rational self-interest has made a significant contribution to the science of economics, the evidence reviewed here shows that it must be reconciled with an evolutionary perspective on human development and wellbeing if society is going to evolve public policies that advance the health and wellbeing of the entire population.