Pollination mitigates cucumber yield gaps more than pesticide and fertilizer use in tropical smallholder gardens
Pollination mitigates cucumber yield gaps more than pesticide and fertilizer use in tropical smallholder gardens
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DOI：
10.1111/1365-2664.12357
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发表时间：
2015-02
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
Iris Motzke;T. Tscharntke;T. Wanger;A. Klein
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Iris Motzke;T. Tscharntke;T. Wanger;A. Klein
在缓解作物产量差距方面，花粉是一项重要但往往被忽视的生态系统服务。政策服务通常被孤立地研究，其相对作用和与其他因素（如主要管理做法）的可能相互作用很少被了解。我们测试了授粉（昆虫与风和自花授粉）如何与杂草控制，施肥和昆虫植食性控制相互作用，以及这些因素以及访花蜜蜂如何影响黄瓜座果和产量。在13个传统的印尼家庭花园里。虽然昆虫授粉、施肥和除草都能增加作物产量，但单独施肥和除草不能补偿授粉损失。花粉单独占产量的75%，因此是产量最重要的驱动因素。相比之下，通过常规施用水平的杀虫剂控制草食动物并没有增加产量。产量显著增加，访花蜜蜂个体的数量越多，而蜜蜂个体的数量反过来不受杂草控制，施肥或草食动物控制的影响，但随着黄瓜花的数量增加而增加。合成与应用。虽然多种管理措施影响产量，但它们不能弥补印度尼西亚黄瓜小农生产中授粉者损失造成的产量差距。我们的研究结果还表明，广泛使用杀虫剂而不考虑对减少害虫的影响是不经济的。在这方面，减少杀虫剂不会造成收入损失，同时也减少了对重要授粉者的潜在风险，这一点需要在热带农业生态系统杀虫剂使用的政策驱动法规中得到承认。我们的研究结果强调了提高蜜蜂种群数量以促进授粉服务的重要性。需要建立蜜蜂管理做法，例如为授粉者维持额外的食物资源。
Summary Pollination can be an essential but often neglected ecosystem service to mitigate crop yield gaps. Pollination services are usually studied in isolation, and their relative role and possible interactions with other factors, such as major management practices, is little understood. We tested how pollination (insect vs. wind- and self-pollination) interacts with weed control, fertilization and insect herbivore control and how these factors as well as flower-visiting bees influence fruit set and yield of cucumber Cucumis sativus L. in 13 traditional Indonesian home gardens. Although insect pollination, fertilization and weed control additively increased crop yield, fertilization and weed control alone could not compensate for pollination loss. Pollination individually accounted for 75% of the yield and was, hence, the most important driver of yield. In contrast, herbivore control through insecticides at commonly applied levels did not increase yield. Yield strongly increased with higher number of flower-visiting bee individuals, while the number of bee individuals in turn was not influenced by weed control, fertilization or herbivore control, but increased with higher number of cucumber flowers. Synthesis and applications. Although multiple management practices influence yield, they cannot compensate yield gaps from pollinator loss in cucumber smallholder production in Indonesia. Our results also show that the widespread use of insecticides without considering the impacts on pest reduction is uneconomical. Here, reducing insecticides caused no income loss and, at the same time, reduces potential risks to important pollinators, which needs to be acknowledged by policy-driven regulations for pesticide application in tropical agroecosystems. Our results stress the importance of enhancing bee populations to facilitate pollination services. Bee management practices, such as sustaining additional food resources for pollinators, need to be established.