Provenance of the gold of the Early Bronze Age Nebra Sky Disk, central Germany: geochemical characterization of natural gold from Cornwall
Provenance of the gold of the Early Bronze Age Nebra Sky Disk, central Germany: geochemical characterization of natural gold from Cornwall
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德国中部青铜时代早期内布拉天盘的黄金来源：康沃尔郡天然金的地球化学特征
DOI：
10.1127/0935-1221/2011/0023-2140
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发表时间：
--
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
E. Pernicka
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Ehser ; G. Borg ; E. Pernicka
位于德国中部的青铜时代早期内布拉天盘，由不同类型的金镶嵌物组成，这些金镶嵌物分三个阶段镀在青铜盘上并冲压。目前的研究旨在确定第一阶段使用的黄金的来源，其中包括太阳或满月形状的黄金片，新月形的月亮和32颗星星。用LA-ICP-MS法测定了太阳片的一个碎片的地球化学组成，并与康沃尔郡6个砂矿和1个矿脉金矿的66个自然金颗粒进行了比较。对康沃尔语金矿床的关注是基于以往的物源和锡同位素研究结果。地球化学测量使用独特的地球化学示踪剂（例如，Co、Ni、Cu、Ru、Pd、Ag、Sn、Sb、Ir和Pt），其特征在于在地质和冶金过程中具有高稳定性。对于康沃尔，在Devoran和Feock的地方的Carnon砂金显示不同的变化，钴，镍，钯，银，锡，锑，相关的变化，发现在黄金从太阳片混合时。这种混合很容易实现，因为两个地点相距约3公里。类似的地球化学比较，从中欧和东南欧的天然金，在以前的来源研究进行，显示没有类似的太阳片。在Cu和Pt含量之间的差异的Carnon砂金和太阳片，这也已被检测到的先前研究的金矿床，质疑矿物（微）夹杂物和增生或无意中的污染与重矿物在加工过程中的相关性。关于黄金的结果进一步导致了18个康沃尔语铜矿石与内布拉窖藏的青铜使用铅同位素比率的比较，结果显示没有相关性，排除康沃尔作为铜源。由于内布拉天盘第一阶段的黄金可能来自康沃尔，因此必须假设青铜时代早期从不列颠群岛到德国中部的大量金属贸易。
The Early Bronze Age Nebra Sky Disk, central Germany, comprises different types of gold inlays which have been plated and punched onto a bronze disk in three phases. The present study aims at provenancing the gold, used for the first phase, which includes gold sheets in the shape of a sun or full moon, a crescent-shaped moon, and 32 stars. The geochemical composition, determined by LA-ICP-MS, of one fragment of the sun sheet is compared with 66 native gold particles from six placer deposits and one lode gold deposit in Cornwall. The focus on Cornish gold deposits is based on results of previous provenance and tin isotope studies. The geochemical survey is performed using distinctive geochemical tracers (e.g.,Co, Ni, Cu, Ru, Pd, Ag, Sn, Sb, Ir, and Pt) which are characterized by high stability during geological and metallurgical processes. For Cornwall, the Carnon gold placers at the localities Devoran and Feock show different variations in Co, Ni, Pd, Ag, Sn, and Sb which correlate with the variation found in the gold from the sun sheet when mixed. This mixture would have been easily possible as both localities are located about three km apart from each other. Similar geochemical comparisons with natural gold from central and southeastern Europe, carried out in a previous provenance study, showed no similarity with the sun sheet. Differences in Cu and Pt contents between the Carnon gold placers and the sun sheet, which have also been detected for the previously studied gold deposits, question the relevance of mineral (micro) inclusions and accretions or unintended contamination with heavy minerals during processing. The results on the gold further led to the comparison of 18 Cornish copper ores with the bronze of the Nebra hoard using lead isotope ratios, which showed no correlation, excluding Cornwall as copper source. With the gold of the first phase of the Nebra Sky Disk being likely to originate from Cornwall, substantial metal trade from the British Isles towards central Germany during the Early Bronze Age must be assumed.
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