Benchmarking design for innovation policy in Europe
Benchmarking design for innovation policy in Europe
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欧洲创新政策的基准设计
DOI：
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发表时间：
2016
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通讯作者：
A. Whicher
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作者：
A. Whicher
2015年，28个欧洲成员国中有15个将设计纳入国家创新政策，丹麦、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、法国和拉脱维亚的设计行动计划正在实施。设计是一种解决问题的方法，可适用于私营和公共部门，并作为向以用户为中心的创新转变的一部分，与政策越来越相关。根据欧盟委员会的《设计驱动创新行动计划》：“更系统地使用设计作为所有经济部门以用户为中心和市场驱动的创新工具，作为研发的补充，将提高欧洲的竞争力。此外，欧盟委员会鼓励所有欧洲国家和地区制定设计行动计划。然而，建设有效的国家和区域设计能力的途径并不明确。这项研究的基本原理是由研究人员之间的理论知识的差距，作为一个应用知识的差距，政策从业者之间的循证决策设计。人们普遍认为，对创新的政策干预是合理的系统失灵理论。创新研究人员和政策制定者已经能够量化创新生态系统的绩效，并以此为基准，为政策行动提供信息。设计研究人员还认为，设计的政策干预可以通过系统故障理论来证明，但断言，设计并没有很好地捕捉在欧洲基准测试工作。因此，本研究采取了以设计为主导的方法，制定了一个由46个指标组成的定量框架，以评估一个国家的设计创新生态系统的绩效，为决策提供信息。指标的框架被称为设计政策监测器。《设计政策监测》的调查结果显示，2012年至2014年，丹麦、爱沙尼亚、芬兰和英国的公共设计支出增长了34%，而公共研发支出增长了8%。在财政紧缩时期，这一资金增长是显著的，尽管政府在研发方面的总支出是政府在设计方面支出的500倍以上。
In 2015, 15 of the 28 European Member States had design included in national innovation policy and design action plans were in operation in Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France and Latvia. Design is an approach to problem-solving that can be applied across the private and public sectors and is becoming more relevant to policy as part of a paradigm shift towards user-centred innovation. According to the European Commission’s Action Plan for Design-driven Innovation: ‘A more systematic use of design as a tool for user-centred and market-driven innovation in all sectors of the economy, complementary to R&D, would improve European competitiveness.’ Furthermore, the European Commission encourages all European countries and regions to develop design action plans. However, the route to building effective national and regional design capacity is not clear. The rationale for this research was framed as much by a gap in theoretical knowledge among research practitioners as a gap in applied knowledge among policy practitioners for evidencebased policy-making in design. It is widely acknowledged that policy intervention for innovation is justified by systems failure theory. Innovation researchers and policy-makers have been able to quantify and thus benchmark the performance of innovation ecosystems to inform policy actions. Design researchers have also argued that policy intervention for design can be justified by systems failure theory but asserted that design is not well captured in European benchmarking exercises. As such, this research has taken a design-led approach to developing a quantitative framework of 46 indicators to assess the performance of a country’s Design Innovation Ecosystem to inform policymaking. The framework of indicators is called the Design Policy Monitor. The findings from the Design Policy Monitor reveal that between 2012 and 2014 public expenditure on design in Denmark, Estonia, Finland and the UK increased by 34% compared to an increase of 8% for public expenditure on research and development (R&D). In a time of austerity, this funding increase is significant although overall government expenditure on R&D is more than 500 times greater than government expenditure on design.