The Development of Digital Computers
The Development of Digital Computers
复制标题
数字计算机的发展
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
C. Kulikowski
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Collen;C. Kulikowski
在20世纪50年代，晶体管取代了真空管，这些真空管在20世纪40年代为Eniac，Colossus和其他早期计算机提供了动力。在20世纪60年代和70年代，计算从缓慢，昂贵的大型机转移到更快的小型和微型计算机和多处理器，由芯片技术和集成电路授权，并由日益复杂的操作系统和编程语言所利用。到20世纪80年代，商业上可用的程序能够执行通常需要的计算功能。随着计算机能力和计算机存储容量的增长，数据库技术和数据库管理系统引起了分布式数据库系统的发展。高效的计算机存储数据库对许多医疗计算应用程序至关重要，使用户可以获得大量数据。随着时间的推移，计算机应用程序变得越来越多和复杂，软件占据了计算成本的很大一部分。显示终端和临床工作站提供图形显示，并支持结构化数据输入和报告。诸如鼠标、光笔、触摸屏等设备以及诸如语音和手写识别等输入技术的开发是为了减轻用户的任务并促进医生的接受。在同一时间段内，计算机通信也在发展，从铜线到光纤电缆，最近又发展到无线系统。因特网和万维网成为地方和全球通信的主要方式。到了2010年代，笔记本电脑取代了台式电脑，平板电脑和智能手机在医疗保健领域司空见惯。
In the 1950s, the transistor replaced the vacuum tubes that had empowered Eniac, Colossus, and other early computers in the 1940s. In the 1960s and 1970s, computing moved from slow, expensive mainframes to faster mini- and microcomputers and multiprocessors, empowered by chip technology and integrated circuits, and leveraged by increasingly sophisticated operating systems and programming languages. By the 1980s, commercially available programs were able to perform commonly needed computational functions. With the growth of computer capabilities and computer storage capacities, database technology and database management systems gave rise to the development of distributed database systems. Efficient computer-stored databases proved essential to many medical computing applications, making vast amounts of data available to users. Over time computer applications became more numerous and complex, with software claiming a larger fraction of computing costs. Display terminals and clinical workstations offered graphic displays and supported structured data entry and reporting. Devices, such as the mouse, light pens, touch screens, and input technologies, such as speech and handwriting recognition, were developed to ease the user’s tasks and foster physician acceptance. Over the same span of time, computer communications evolved as well, moving from copper wire to fiber optic cable and, most recently, to wireless systems. The Internet and the World Wide Web became the main modes used for local and global communications. By the 2010s laptops replaced desktop computers, and tablets and smart phones were commonplace in health care.
简化科学数据的属性值数据库和传统数据库之间的转换。
DOI：
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发表时间：
2001
期刊：
Proceedings. AMIA Symposium
影响因子：
--
作者：
Nadkarni,PM;Marenco,L
通讯作者：
Marenco,L
显示来自面向时间的数据库的临床数据。
影响因子：
7.7
作者：
Blum,RL
通讯作者：
Blum,RL
演化地图数据的管理：基于框架地图的数据结构和算法。
DOI：
10.1006/geno.1995.1278
发表时间：
1995
期刊：
Genomics.
影响因子：
--
作者：
Nadkarni,PM
通讯作者：
Nadkarni,PM