Population Recovery in Inner Tokyo in the Late 1990s
Population Recovery in Inner Tokyo in the Late 1990s
复制标题
20 世纪 90 年代末东京市中心的人口复苏
DOI：
10.4200/jjhg1948.55.277
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发表时间：
2003
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Naoto Yabe
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Naoto Yabe
直到20世纪90年代末，东京市中心才开始恢复人口。本文探讨了这一转变的程度，认为东京市中心美娜多区的人口复苏不同于西方国家的“绅士化”。20世纪80年代末的“泡沫时代”导致土地价格迅速上涨，市中心地块的土地投机，并涉及相当大面积的土地，同时取代了以前的居民。东京正在成为一个“全球城市”的想法支持了办公和商业需求的土地投机。在1980年代后期，由于与商业和商业用地的竞争，内东京继续失去人口。东京区实施各种政策以防止居民进一步外流，其中包括向租房者提供租金补贴和超过2%的抵押贷款利息替代。Wards还向家庭租房者出租房屋，并发布指导方针，将出租的家庭住房安置在新建的办公楼中。然而，在“泡沫”破灭后，办公和商业需求突然消失，土地价格迅速下跌。金融危机促使公司出售或利用土地建造住房。到20世纪90年代末，高层公寓就建在这样的投机土地上。基于GIS的制图分析表明，公共和私人住房的建设对人口恢复的贡献最大，其次是新地铁站的开通;通过问卷调查的方式，对迁入内城新提供住房的居民进行了调查。统计调查搜集了有关住户类别、职业、前居住地点及搬迁原因的资料，结果显示，私人楼宇的住户主要是单身女性住户及没有子女的双收入夫妇。搬迁的主要原因是靠近工作场所。这反映了这样一个事实，即迁入市中心的主要是那些把就业放在比养育子女更优先地位的家庭。如果有孩子的夫妇获得低成本（公共）住房，他们将搬进内城。许多限制因素仍然阻碍着有子女家庭的流入，如私人出租住房和业主自住住房的住房成本很高，幼儿园的容量有限，提供公共住房是应对人口下降的一项政策，导致收入相对较低的家庭返回市中心。随后的私人住房建设是由“泡沫”的崩溃引起的，吸引了来自更广泛地区的不同类型的家庭。东京市中心的人口复苏与西方的绅士化不同，因为它不仅限于更富裕的人搬迁到市中心。
It was not until the late 1990s That inner Tokyo started to regain population. This paper explores the extent of that shift and it is argued that population recovery in Minato Ward in inner Tokyo differs from the nature of 'gentrification' observed in Western countries.The 'bubble era' of the late 1980s resulted in rapid land price inflation, land speculation on inner city plots and involved a considerable area of land while displacing former residents. The idea that Tokyo was becoming a 'global city' supported land speculation for office and commercial demands. Inner Tokyo continued to lose population in the late 1980s as a consequence of competition with business and commercial land use. Tokyo Wards implemented various policies to prevent the further outflow of residents, which included rent subsidies to renters and the substitution of mortgage interests exceeding 2%. The Wards also leased rented housing to household renters, and issued guidelines to locate rental family-sized housing in newly-built office buildings.After the collapse of the 'bubble', however, office and commercial demands suddenly disappeared and land prices fell rapidly. The financial crisis induced firms to sell or utilize their land for housing. By the late 1990s, high rise apartments were built on such speculated land. GIS-based mapping analysis revealed that the construction of public and private housing mainly contributed to population recovery, followed by the opening of new subway stations.A questionnaire survey was conducted to examine who had moved into the newly-provided housing in the inner city. Data were collected on household type, occupation, former residential location and reasons for the move.The survey revealed that single female households and double income couples with no children predominated in the private housing sector. The main reason for the move was proximity to workplace. This reflects the fact that movers into the inner city mainly consist of households placing a higher priority on employment than on nurturing children. Couples with children would move into the inner city if they secured low cost (public) housing. Many constraints still prevent the inflow of households with children, such as high housing cost in both private rented housing and owner occupied housing, and limited nursery school capacity.The provision of public housing, which is a counter policy to the population decline, results in relatively low income households returning to the inner city. Subsequent private housing construction which was caused by the collapse of the 'bubble' attracts different types of households from a wider area. Population recovery in inner Tokyo differs from gentrification in the West in that it is not limited only to more affluent people relocating to the inner city.