Health and Welfare in Dutch Organic Laying Hens.
Health and Welfare in Dutch Organic Laying Hens.
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DOI：
10.3390/ani4020374
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发表时间：
2014-06-20
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Wagenaar JP
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bestman M;Wagenaar JP
从荷兰49群有机蛋鸡中收集了饲养和产蛋期间动物健康和福利以及农场管理的数据，以确定农场在动物健康和福利方面的表现以及影响健康和福利的因素。 从2007年至2008年，动物健康和福利以及饲养和产蛋期间的农场管理的数据收集了49群有机蛋鸡在荷兰。我们的目的是调查有机鸡蛋农场在动物健康和福利方面的表现，以及哪些农场因素影响了这一表现。我们研究中的鸡群饲养在34至25，000只母鸡（平均9，300只母鸡）的农场中。71%的鸡群由“银杂交鸡”组成：产棕色蛋的白色母鸡。55%的鸡群被饲养在地板上的住房和45%的鸟群在鸟舍。在产蛋期间在户外度过的时间与60周时的死亡率之间没有关系。那些在户外跑得更频繁的鸡群有更好的羽毛得分。在40%的鸡群中，有捕食者造成的死亡。30周龄时平均采食量为129 g/天，60周龄时为133 g/天。平均错误产卵的百分比从30周的3个下降到60周的2个。60周时平均死亡率为7.8%。25%的鸡群在头50周内没有接受蠕虫治疗。将Flubenol ®应用于经处理的鸡群。10%的鸡群遵循Flubenol©使用说明，并被蠕虫感染五次或更多次。另外65%的人接受了1到4次不规则治疗。68%的鸡群表现出很少或没有羽毛损伤，24%表现出中度损伤，8%表现出严重损伤。羽毛得分更好，如果母鸡使用自由放养区更激烈，在60周的产蛋率更高，如果他们被允许在抵达产蛋场后更快地外出。在69%的鸡群中，母鸡在通风口区域有啄伤：平均而言，这是18%的母鸡。龙骨骨变形被发现在所有的羊群，平均在21%的鸟类。在78%的鸡群中，平均有13%的母鸡有足底伤口，大多是一个小硬皮。梳子是黑暗的羊群，使用范围面积更密集。更可怕的羊群有更轻的梳子。我们的结论是，有机农场可能比其他家禽系统的基础上，自由放养区的动物福利效益的动物友好。然而，我们也观察到有机农场的死亡率，内部寄生虫，龙骨畸形和足底病变与其他畜牧系统相当或更糟。目前还不清楚这些“剩余”的问题是否可以归因于住房，或者如果他们是在人工环境中保持高产基因型的结果。有机农场使用与其他畜牧系统相同的高产基因型。
Data on animal health and welfare and farm management during rearing and laying periods were collected from 49 flocks of organic laying hens in the Netherlands to establish how farms performed in terms of animal health and welfare and which factors affected health and welfare. From 2007–2008, data on animal health and welfare and farm management during rearing and laying periods were collected from 49 flocks of organic laying hens in the Netherlands. Our aim was to investigate how organic egg farms performed in terms of animal health and welfare and which farm factors affected this performance. The flocks in our study were kept on farms with 34 to 25,000 hens (average 9,300 hens). Seventy-one percent of the flocks consisted of ‘silver hybrids’: white hens that lay brown eggs. Fifty-five percent of the flocks were kept in floor-based housing and 45% of the flocks in aviaries. No relation was found between the amount of time spent outdoors during the laying period and mortality at 60 weeks. Flocks that used their outdoor run more intensively had better feather scores. In 40% of the flocks there was mortality caused by predators. The average feed intake was 129 g/day at 30 weeks and 133 g/day at 60 weeks of age. The average percentage of mislaid eggs decreased from three at 30 weeks to two at 60 weeks. The average mortality was 7.8% at 60 weeks. Twenty-five percent of the flocks were not treated for worms in their first 50 weeks. Flubenol© was applied to the flocks that were treated. Ten percent of the flocks followed Flubenol© instructions for use and were wormed five or more times. The other 65% percent were treated irregularly between one and four times. Sixty-eight percent of the flocks showed little or no feather damage, 24% showed moderate damage and 8% showed severe damage. The feather score was better if the hens used the free-range area more intensely, the laying percentage at 60 weeks was higher, and if they were allowed to go outside sooner after arrival on the laying farm. In 69% of the flocks, hens had peck wounds in the vent area: on average this was 18% of the hens. Keel bone deformations were found in all flocks, on average in 21% of the birds. In 78% of the flocks, an average of 13% of the hens had foot-sole wounds, mostly a small crust. Combs were darker in flocks that used the range area more intensively. More fearful flocks had lighter combs. We conclude that organic farms are potentially more animal friendly than other poultry systems based on the animal welfare benefits of the free range areas. However, we also observed mortality rates, internal parasites, keel bone deformities, and foot sole lesions on organic farms that were comparable to or worse than in other husbandry systems. It is unclear whether these ‘remaining’ problems can be attributed to housing or if they are the result of keeping high productive genotypes in an artificial environment. Organic farms use the same high productive genotypes as other husbandry systems.