Three “competing” auxiliaries of a non-canonical passive
Three “competing” auxiliaries of a non-canonical passive
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非规范被动语态的三个“竞争”助动词
DOI：
10.1075/la.205.04len
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Alexandra N.
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作者：
Alexandra N.
德语Get被动句的一个特点是，它有三个与格被动语态的相互竞争的助词：kriegen‘to get/Receive’，bekomman‘to get/Receive’和erhalten‘to Receive’。目前，我们对GET被动助词选择的相关语言因素和社会语用因素知之甚少。我们对这三个动词的竞争所知仅限于它们作为完整动词使用。Kriegen、bekomman和erhalten不仅是被动助词，而且主要是词汇动词，通常带有转移义，表示从一个旧所有人到一个新所有人的形合转移。作为词汇完整动词，kriegen和bekomman在许多情况下和在许多变体中是同义词，而带有get意义的词汇动词erhalten则或多或少地局限于由隐含或显性给予者引起的转移。因此，至少在一些接近标准语言的语境中，在接受一个具体的、口头的或抽象的“转移”对象(如礼物、命令或打击)时，至少在接受者对转移行为的贡献或多或少是被动的情况下，这三个动词都是可以使用的。否则，如果他/她也是GET动作的主动施事(见2.1d)，则只有kriegen和bekomman可以用作词汇动词。在“发烧”(2.2a)的情况下，及物性kriegen和bekomman表示体验者的躯体、精神或其他方面的变化的开始，而没有(故意或明确的)外部原因。在这种情况下，两个完整的动词kriegen和bekomman的语义可以由unterscheiden dadurch grundsätzlich von andderen Passivsätzen[...]来解释。
A peculiarity of the German GET passive is the fact that it has three competing auxiliaries for the dative passive: kriegen ‘to get/receive’, bekommen ‘to get/receive’and erhalten ‘to receive’. At present, we know only little about the relevant linguistic and socio-pragmatic factors which contribute to the GET passive auxiliary selection. What we know in general about the competition of the three verbs is restricted to their use as full verbs. Kriegen, bekommen and erhalten are not only passive auxiliaries, but they are also primarily lexical verbs, often with a transferential meaning indicating a possessional transfer from an old possessor to a new one. As lexical full verbs, kriegen and bekommen are synonyms in many occurrences and in many varieties, whereas the lexical verb erhalten bearing a GET meaning is restricted to more or less “real” cases of transfer caused by an implicit or explicit giver. Hence, at least in some contexts close to the standard language, it is possible to use all three verbs in cases of receiving a concrete, verbal or abstract “transferred” object (eg a present, an order or blows), at least if the recipient’s contribution to the transferential act is more or less passive. Otherwise, if he/she is also the active agent of the GET action (see 2.1 d), only kriegen and bekommen can be used as lexical verbs. In the case of “getting a fever”(2.2 a), transitive kriegen and bekommen express the beginning of a somatic, mental or other changing of an experiencer, without a (knowingly or explicit) extraneous cause. The semantics of the two full verbs kriegen and bekommen can, in this case, be paraphrased by unterscheiden sich dadurch grundsätzlich von anderen Passivsätzen [...].”(Duden-Grammar 72005: 556f.= Duden-Grammar 82009: 550f.)