Tracing enteric viruses in the European berry fruit supply chain
Tracing enteric viruses in the European berry fruit supply chain
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.09.003
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发表时间：
2013-10-15
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
Cook, Nigel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Maunula, Leena;Kaupke, Agnieszka;Cook, Nigel
近年来，因食用被人类肠道病毒污染的浆果而引起的食源性疫情已有多起报道。这项欧洲多国研究通过监测整个食物链中的一组人类和动物肠道病毒来调查可能的污染途径。在四个欧洲国家（捷克共和国、芬兰、波兰和塞尔维亚）的两个生长季节的整个食品生产链中总共收集了 785 个样本。在生产阶段、加工阶段和销售点取样。样本包括灌溉水、动物粪便、食品处理人员的手拭子、农场厕所的拭子、加工厂传送带的拭子以及销售点的覆盆子或草莓的拭子；所有这些都接受了病毒分析。通过实时（逆转录，RT）-PCR 对样本进行分析，主要针对人类腺病毒 (hAdV)，以证明存在从感染者到食品供应链的污染途径。分析还包括测试选定的人类（诺如病毒、NoV GI、NoV GII 和甲型肝炎病毒，HAV）、动物（猪腺病毒、pAdV 和牛多瘤病毒，bPyV）和人畜共患病（戊型肝炎病毒，HEV）病毒的存在。在浆果生产中，在灌溉水、食品处理人员的手和厕所的 9.5%、5.8% 和 9.1% 的样本中发现了 hAdV。分别。在加工厂，食品处理人员手上的一根拭子 (2.0%) 中检测到了 hAdV。在销售点，新鲜树莓、冷冻树莓和新鲜草莓中的 hAdV 感染率分别为 0.7%、3.2% 和 2.0%。在人类致病病毒中，在浆果生产的两个（3.6%）水样中检测到NoV GII，但在所有样品中均未检测到HAV。曾发现一次受 HEV 污染的冷冻覆盆子（2.6%）。 pAdV 和 bPyV 检测结果呈阳性证明动物粪便污染。浆果生产时，一份水样含有这两种病毒，在销售点，5.7% 和 13% 的新鲜和冷冻浆果检测出 pAdV 呈阳性。在浆果生产中，在灌溉水中和食品处理者的手上都发现了 hAdV，这表明这些可能是人类致病病毒进入浆果链的重要载体。此外，最终产品上可以检测到人畜共患病毒和动物肠道病毒。这项研究深入了解了病毒来源和传播途径，并强调了农场彻底遵守良好农业和卫生规范的必要性，以帮助保护公众免受病毒感染。 (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. 保留所有权利。
In recent years, numerous foodborne outbreaks due to consumption of berry fruit contaminated by human enteric viruses have been reported. This European multinational study investigated possible contamination routes by monitoring the entire food chain for a panel of human and animal enteric viruses.A total of 785 samples were collected throughout the food production chain of four European countries (Czech Republic, Finland, Poland and Serbia) during two growing seasons. Samples were taken during the production phase, the processing phase, and at point-of-sale. Samples included irrigation water, animal faeces, food handlers' hand swabs, swabs from toilets on farms, from conveyor belts at processing plants, and of raspberries or strawberries at points-of-sale; all were subjected to virus analysis. The samples were analysed by real-time (reverse transcription, RT)-PCR, primarily for human adenoviruses (hAdV) to demonstrate that a route of contamination existed from infected persons to the food supply chain. The analyses also included testing for the presence of selected human (norovirus, NoV GI, NoV GII and hepatitis A virus, HAV), animal (porcine adenovirus, pAdV and bovine polyomavirus, bPyV) and zoonotic (hepatitis E virus, HEV) viruses.At berry production, hAdV was found in 9.5%, 5.8% and 9.1% of samples of irrigation water, food handlers' hands and toilets, respectively. At the processing plants, hAdV was detected in one (2.0%) swab from a food handler's hand. At point-of-sale, the prevalence of hAdV in fresh raspberries, frozen raspberries and fresh strawberries, was 0.7%, 3.2% and 2.0%, respectively. Of the human pathogenic viruses, NoV GII was detected in two (3.6%) water samples at berry production, but no HAV was detected in any of the samples. HEV-contaminated frozen raspberries were found once (2.6%). Animal faecal contamination was evidenced by positive pAdV and bPyV assay results.At berry production, one water sample contained both viruses, and at point-of-sale 5.7% and 13% of fresh and frozen berries tested positive for pAdV. At berry production hAdV was found both in irrigation water and on food handler's hands, which indicated that these may be important vehicles by which human pathogenic viruses enter the berry fruit chain. Moreover, both zoonotic and animal enteric viruses could be detected on the end products. This study gives insight into viral sources and transmission routes and emphasizes the necessity for thorough compliance with good agricultural and hygienic practice at the farms to help protect the public from viral infections. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.