Tool-composite reuse in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): archaeologically invisible steps in the technological evolution of early hominins?
Tool-composite reuse in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): archaeologically invisible steps in the technological evolution of early hominins?
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DOI：
10.1007/s10071-009-0271-7
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发表时间：
2009-10-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Matsuzawa, Tetsuro
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Carvalho, Susana;Biro, Dora;Matsuzawa, Tetsuro
最近的野生黑猩猩使用石器工具的民族考古学研究提供了有价值的数据，阐明了影响上新世-更新世人类中第一个石器工业的出现和发展的变量。这些数据有助于确定在考古记录中看不到的第一批侵入性技术所涉及的潜在行为。几内亚博苏的长期研究地点拥有一个独特的黑猩猩社区，其成员系统地使用便携式石头作为锤子和铁砧，在自然和焊接实验环境中敲开坚果。在这里，我们提出了第一次分析重复使用相同的工具，复合材料在野生黑猩猩。收集的数据超过5年的实验坚果开裂会议在“室外实验室”网站进行了评估，在选择工具复合材料，在组和个人水平的系统模式的存在。黑猩猩将某些石头组合成锤子和铁砧的几率比预期的要高，即使考虑到它们对单个石头的偏好。这可能反映了将胡桃夹子识别为单一工具（由两个元件组成，但功能仅作为一个整体）的能力，以及对工具质量-有效性的区分。通过重复组合相同的石头对-无论是由于对特定复合材料的偏好还是对两种元素的独立偏好-工具使用者可以放大使用磨损痕迹并增加石头断裂的可能性，从而通过击打分离碎片。
Recent etho-archaeological studies of stone-tool use by wild chimpanzees have contributed valuable data towards elucidating the variables that influenced the emergence and development of the first lithic industries among Plio-Pleistocene hominins. Such data help to identify potential behaviours entailed in the first percussive technologies that are invisible in archaeological records. The long-term research site of Bossou in Guinea features a unique chimpanzee community whose members systematically use portable stones as hammers and anvils to crack open nuts in natural as well as in Weld experimental settings. Here we present the first analysis of repeated reuse of the same tool-composites in wild chimpanzees. Data collected over 5 years of experimental nut-cracking sessions at an "outdoor laboratory" site were assessed for the existence of systematic patterns in the selection of tool-composites, at group and at individual levels. Chimpanzees combined certain stones as hammer and anvil more often than expected by chance, even when taking into account preferences for individual stones by themselves. This may reflect an ability to recognise the nut-cracker as a single tool ( composed of two elements, but functional only as a whole), as well as discrimination of tool quality-effectiveness. Through repeatedly combining the same pairs of stones-whether due to preferences for particular composites or for the two elements independently-tool-users may amplify use-wear traces and increase the likelihood of fracturing the stones, and thus of detaching pieces by battering.