DIVING IN DARKNESS - WHISKERS AS SENSE-ORGANS OF THE RINGED SEAL (PHOCA-HISPIDA-SAIMENSIS)
DIVING IN DARKNESS - WHISKERS AS SENSE-ORGANS OF THE RINGED SEAL (PHOCA-HISPIDA-SAIMENSIS)
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1469-7998.1989.tb05008.x
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发表时间：
1989-08-01
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
HYVARINEN, H
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
HYVARINEN, H
对芬兰东部塞马湖环斑海豹（Phoca hispida saimensis）的水下发声和不同触须的功能结构进行了研究。这些海豹一年中有几个月生活在冰层下的黑暗中。据了解，盲海豹在湖中管理得很好。在海豹生活的某些地区，水下能见度只有2米。建议将回声定位用于定向和摄食。塞马岛海豹在水下发出滴答声。然而，与海豚相比，发声的频率和强度都很低。水下声音定位的结构适应性也没有得到很好的发展。然而，环斑海豹有非常发达的触须。一根触须的神经支配比哺乳动物的正常神经支配大10倍以上。与正常哺乳动物触须的主要结构差异是：（1）上海绵窦，（2）下海绵窦水平处的囊壁中的凹槽，（3）将毛根固定到下海绵窦中的囊的结缔组织带的弹性，特别是（4）环窦区的结构和神经支配。感觉元件位于外根鞘表面的玻璃膜上和外根鞘的基底细胞层中，其类似于感觉上皮。在此上皮下有一层液体或凝胶状物质和大量的糖原。这种感觉上皮在眉上触须中特别发达。当海豹注意时，这些触须会突出几毫米。这表明，触须也感觉声音，这是通过组织传导通过囊壁和通过血窦传递到感觉元件。海豹可能用触须探测到压缩波。
Underwater vocalization and the functional structure of different vibrissae of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida saimensis) of Lake Saimaa, Eastern Finland, were studied. These seals live in darkness under the ice cover for several months during the year. It is known that blind seals are managing well in the lake. Visibility under water in some parts of the area where the seals live is only 2 m. It is suggested that echolocation is used in orientation and feeding. The Saimaa seal has click and click trial underwater vocalizations. However, both the frequency and intensity of the vocalization are low compared with, for example, those of dolphins. The structural adaptations for underwater sound localization are also not well developed. The ringed seal has, however, extremely well-developed vibrissae. The innervation of one vibrissa is more than 10 times greater than normally found in mammals. The main structural deviations from normal mammalian vibrissae are: (1) an upper cavernous sinus, (2) a groove in the wall of the capsule at the level of the lower cavernous sinus, (3) elasticity of the connective tissue bands fixing the hair root to the capsule in the lower cavernous sinus and especially (4) the structure and innervation of the ring sinus area. Sensory elements are situated upon the glassy membrane on the surface of the outer rootsheath and in the basal cell layer of the outer rootsheath which is like a sensory epithelium. Below this epithelium a layer of liquid or gelatinous material and large amounts of glycogen are found. This sensory epithelium is especially well developed in the superciliary vibrissae. These vibrissae are protruded some millimetres when the seals are attentive. It is suggested that the vibrissae also sense sounds, which are transmitted to the sensory elements by tissue conduction through the capsule wall and via the blood sinuses. The seals may possibly detect compressional waves with the vibrissae.