A longitudinal study of the association between domestic contact with livestock and contamination of household point-of-use stored drinking water in rural Siaya County (Kenya).
A longitudinal study of the association between domestic contact with livestock and contamination of household point-of-use stored drinking water in rural Siaya County (Kenya).
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113602
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发表时间：
2020-09
影响因子：
6
通讯作者：
Wright JA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Trajano Gomes da Silva D;Ebdon J;Okotto-Okotto J;Ade F;Mito O;Wanza P;Kwoba E;Mwangi T;Yu W;Wright JA
新出现的证据表明，家畜和人类在家庭中近距离接触可能会导致家庭环境中的手、物体、食物和水供应受到微生物污染，从而对公共健康产生不利影响。然而，量化牲畜、家畜、人类与家庭储存水微生物污染之间关系的证据仍然有限。这项纵向研究旨在探讨肯尼亚农村地区家庭与牲畜和家畜的接触与家庭使用点 (POU) 储存的饮用水微生物污染之间的关系，并评估粪便指标的选择对这种关联的影响。对肯尼亚 Siaya 县的 234 个家庭进行了一项调查，观察家庭院落中是否存在牲畜（牛、山羊、家禽）和家畜（猫、狗），以及 POU 储存的饮用水受到污染的其他风险因素，例如环境卫生、储存条件和卫生习惯。对来自水源（例如管道、泉水/水井、钻孔、地表水和雨水）和 POU 储存容器的样品进行了大肠杆菌和肠球菌检测。通过多项回归检查与畜牧业相关的水污染风险因素，控制混杂因素。雨水是 POU 的主要水源，被发现极易受到污染。多变量分析显示，观察到山羊和/或家禽栖息在家庭储存水附近的家庭，总体（>100 CFU/100 mL）水污染（大肠杆菌）风险更大（分别为相对风险 RR = 2.71；p = 0.001 和 RR = 2.02；p = 0.012）。家禽舍的存在也与肠道肠球菌密度升高有关（RR = 4.46；p = 0.001）。因此，两个细菌群的污染与牲畜风险因素之间的关联相似，但从地表水中收集后，大肠杆菌计数比肠球菌计数下降得更快 (p = 0.024)。家庭院落内牲畜（特别是山羊）和家禽的存在增加了 POU 水污染风险，这表明需要改进干预措施来解决农村家庭环境中的交叉污染。在锡亚县内，需要进行更有效的社区教育，以提高对 POU 水质保护，特别是雨水保护的认识。家禽和山羊是家庭储存水污染的危险因素。家禽是肠球菌和大肠杆菌污染的危险因素。家庭储存水中肠球菌的衰减低于大肠杆菌。残留游离氯大多太低，无法防止储存的水再次污染。
Emerging evidence suggests close domestic proximity of livestock and humans may lead to microbiological contamination of hands, objects, food and water supplies within domestic environments, adversely impacting public health. However, evidence quantifying the relationship between livestock, domestic animals, humans and microbiological contamination of household stored water remains limited. This longitudinal study aimed to examine the relationship between domestic contact with livestock and domestic animals on microbiological contamination of household Point-of-Use (POU) stored drinking water in rural Kenya and assess the influence of choice of faecal indicator on such associations. A survey was performed in 234 households in Siaya county, Kenya, to observe presence of livestock (cattle, goats, poultry) and domestic animals (cats, dogs) in household compounds, alongside other risk factors for contamination of POU stored drinking water such as sanitation, storage conditions and hygiene practices. Samples from water sources (e.g. piped, spring/wells, boreholes, surface and rainwater) and from POU storage containers were tested for E. coli and intestinal enterococci. Livestock-related risk factors for water contamination were examined through multinomial regression, controlling for confounders. Rainwater was the main POU water source and was found to be highly susceptible to contamination. Multivariate analysis showed greater risk of gross (>100 CFU/100 mL) water contamination (with E. coli) for households where goats were observed, and/or where poultry roosted in proximity to stored household water (relative risk RR = 2.71; p = 0.001 and RR = 2.02; p = 0.012 respectively). Presence of a poultry coop was also associated with elevated intestinal enterococci densities (RR = 4.46; p = 0.001). Associations between contamination and livestock risk factors were thus similar for both bacteria groups, but E. coli counts declined more rapidly following collection from surface waters than enterococci counts (p = 0.024). The presence of livestock (particularly goats) and poultry within household compounds increases POU water contamination risk, suggesting the need for improved interventions to address cross-contamination within rural domestic settings. Within Siaya county, more effective community education is needed to raise awareness of POU water quality protection, particularly of rainwater. Poultry and goats are risk factors for household stored water contamination. Poultry are risk factors for both enterococci and E. coli contamination. Attenuation of enterococci in household stored water is lower than for E. coli. Residual free chlorine is mostly too low to prevent stored water recontamination.