Queer ethics and fostering positive mindsets toward non-binary gender, genderqueer, and gender ambiguity
Queer ethics and fostering positive mindsets toward non-binary gender, genderqueer, and gender ambiguity
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酷儿道德和培养对非二元性别、性别酷儿和性别模糊性的积极心态
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发表时间：
2018
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通讯作者：
L. Nicholas
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文献类型：
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作者：
L. Nicholas
摘要背景：随着性别认同和性别表现（例如性别酷儿、非二元性别和性别中立）的可见度的增长，更广泛的文化中也出现了嘲笑和强烈反对，以及更微妙的隐形和性别歧视。虽然存在关于对跨性别者的消极和积极态度的社会心理学研究，但这仅限于那些性别认同与其出生时指定的性别不一致的人以及认同二元性别的人。社会心理学已经扩展到跨性别恐惧症的更微妙的运作，但很少考虑到那些不能以二元方式归因的性别的人的态度和反应的独特性，以及如何挑战这些。方法：根据社会理论的方法，本文以新的方式汇集了多样化且互补的概念领域，以诊断这些消极态度的新原因和解决方案。利用酷儿理论、女权主义伦理学以及后宽容社会学和社会心理学的实证研究，它认为对性别酷儿的负面社会反应不仅源于跨性别恐惧症形式的明显偏见，而且源于二元性别主义，即认为只有两种性别的信念。结果和结论：本文建议培养更大的多样性素养和对差异的同理心，作为比基于少数群体身份的“减少偏见”方法更有效的方法。提出了一种解构性别规范的规范批判方法，从而培养对性别酷儿的积极态度。因此，本文展示了如何最好地培育有利于性别酷儿的社会环境，对性别变异人群的身体和社会健康及福祉产生积极影响。这种方法可以应用于组织、机构以及与性别酷儿个体互动的服务提供商，因为它可以以不限于预先确定的二元身份类别的方式积极地接近多样性。
Abstract Background: Alongside the growth in visibility of gender identities and presentations such as genderqueer, non-binary and gender neutral, there is ridicule and backlash in wider culture, as well as more subtle invisibility and misgendering. While there exists social psychology research about negative and positive attitudes to trans people, this is restricted to those whose gender identity is at odds with their sex assigned at birth, and who identify with binary gender. Social psychology has extended to the more subtle workings of transphobia, but there is little consideration of the distinctiveness of attitudes and responses to those whose genders cannot be attributed in binary ways, and thus how these may be challenged. Methods: In keeping with the methods of social theory, this article brings together a diverse and complementary range of conceptual fields in new ways to diagnose a novel cause and solution to these negative attitudes. Using queer theory, feminist ethics, and empirical studies in post-tolerance sociology and social psychology, it argues that negative social responses to genderqueerness stem not only from overt prejudice in the form of transphobia but from binary genderism, the conviction that there are only two genders. Results and conclusion: This article proposes fostering greater diversity-literacy and empathy for difference as a more effective approach than minority identity-based ‘prejudice reduction’ approaches. A norm-critical approach to deconstructing gender norms is proposed, thus fostering positive attitudes to genderqueerness. It is therefore demonstrated how best to foster enabling social contexts for genderqueerness, with positive implications for the physical and social health and wellbeing of gender variant people. This approach can be applied in organizations, institutions, and by service providers who interact with genderqueer individuals, in that it can inform a shift to approaching diversity positively in ways that are not restricted to pre-determined and binary identity categories.