Doors and fences: Controlling Indonesia's porous borders and policing asylum seekers
Doors and fences: Controlling Indonesia's porous borders and policing asylum seekers
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门和栅栏：控制印度尼西亚漏洞百出的边境并监管寻求庇护者
DOI：
10.1111/sjtg.12059
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Antje Missbach
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Antje Missbach
虽然将国家边境控制部分外包给非国家行为者并不是一个新现象，但印度尼西亚是一个有趣的案例研究。在一个由17000多个岛屿组成的群岛上进行边境管制对国家当局来说尤其具有挑战性。除了应对特殊的地理环境外，印度尼西亚国家当局还面临与澳大利亚的政治格局的挑战，寻求庇护者的非正常跨界流动在近代历史上已成为一个有争议的问题。作为前往澳大利亚的寻求庇护者和难民的重要过境国，印度尼西亚漏洞百出的边境使人们可以相对轻松地进出该国。鉴于澳大利亚的政治压力和向印度尼西亚提供的财政激励措施，使其成为“最后堡垒”，更有效地控制非正常移民流动，边境管制在印度尼西亚比过去更加重要。然而，财政拮据，更重要的是，缺乏在本国领土上长期收容寻求庇护者的政治意愿，仍然是障碍。实地工作观察表明，由于国家主导的边境管制持续受到资金限制，国家与社会在边境监督方面的合作有所增加。许多非正常过境热点地区的平民被鼓励报告“可疑的过境者”。然而，国家与社会在边境管制方面的合作为人口走私者贿赂民间间谍或腐败的边境当局提供了新的机会。
Although the partial outsourcing of state border control to non-state actors is not a new phenomenon, Indonesia is an interesting case study. Border control in an archipelago consisting of more than 17 000 islands is particularly challenging for state authorities. In addition to contending with the exceptional geography, Indonesia's state authorities are also challenged by the political constellation with Australia in regard to irregular cross-border movements of asylum seekers that has become a controversial issue in recent history. As an important transit country for asylum seekers and refugees en route to Australia, Indonesia's porous borders have rendered it possible to enter and exit the country relatively easily. Given Australia's political pressure and the financial incentives offered to Indonesia to act as a ‘final bulwark’ and control irregular migration flows more effectively, border control nowadays has gained more significance in Indonesia than in the past. Yet, financial constraints and, more importantly, a lack of political will to host asylum seekers in its own territories for the long term remain as obstacles. Fieldwork observations show that due to ongoing funding restrictions for state-led border control, state-society cooperation for border surveillance has increased. Civilians in many hotspots for irregular border crossings have been encouraged to report on ‘suspicious foreigners’. State-society cooperation for border control, however, offers new opportunities for people smugglers to pay off civilian spies or corrupt border authorities.