King of the Mountains: Tibetan and Sherpa Physiological Adaptations for Life at High Altitude
King of the Mountains: Tibetan and Sherpa Physiological Adaptations for Life at High Altitude
复制标题
DOI：
10.1152/physiol.00018.2014
复制
发表时间：
2014-11-01
期刊：
影响因子：
8.4
通讯作者：
Martin, Daniel S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gilbert-Kawai, Edward T.;Milledge, James S.;Martin, Daniel S.
关于西藏人和夏尔巴人对低压缺氧的特殊耐受性的轶事证据，从高海拔探险开始就有记录。这些种群已经成功地在高海拔地区生活和繁殖了数百代，缺氧是一种持续的进化压力。因此，它们很可能经历了自然选择，趋向于对持续缺氧提供有益的适应的基因型（和表型）。随着人类低氧转化研究的出现，高海拔健康个体的基因型/表型研究可能对医院环境中的低氧性危重患者有益，高海拔本地人可能提供一个有价值的和有趣的模型。本综述的目的是提供一个全面的总结科学文献，包括藏族和夏尔巴人的生理适应高海拔居住。该审查表明，在何种程度上进化的压力，完善了这一高海拔人口的生理。此外，尽管已经发现高地人和低地人之间存在许多生理差异，但这也表明了更多潜在的研究途径。
Anecdotal evidence surrounding Tibetans' and Sherpas' exceptional tolerance to hypobaric hypoxia has been recorded since the beginning of high-altitude exploration. These populations have successfully lived and reproduced at high altitude for hundreds of generations with hypoxia as a constant evolutionary pressure. Consequently, they are likely to have undergone natural selection toward a genotype (and phenotype) tending to offer beneficial adaptation to sustained hypoxia. With the advent of translational human hypoxic research, in which genotype/phenotype studies of healthy individuals at high altitude may be of benefit to hypoxemic critically ill patients in a hospital setting, high-altitude natives may provide a valuable and intriguing model. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the scientific literature encompassing Tibetan and Sherpa physiological adaptations to a high-altitude residence. The review demonstrates the extent to which evolutionary pressure has refined the physiology of this high-altitude population. Furthermore, although many physiological differences between highlanders and lowlanders have been found, it also suggests many more potential avenues of investigation.