Why China's economic reforms differ: the M-form hierarchy and entry/expansion of the non-state sector
Why China's economic reforms differ: the M-form hierarchy and entry/expansion of the non-state sector
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1468-0351.1993.tb00077.x
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发表时间：
1993-06
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Y. Qian;Chenggang Xu
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Y. Qian;Chenggang Xu
中国改革开放13年（1979-1991年），国民生产总值年均增长8.6%。中国的改革之所以不同于东欧和苏联的改革，是因为非国有经济的持续进入和扩张。我们认为经济的组织结构很重要。中国的等级经济不同于以功能原则或专业化原则为基础的单一等级结构（U型），而是以地域原则为基础的多层次多区域等级结构（深M型，简称M型）。改革进一步使M型经济沿着区域线分散，这为进行区域试验、非国有企业的兴起和市场的出现提供了灵活性和机会。这就是为什么中国的非国有部门在工业产出中的份额从1978年的22%增加到1991年的47%，私营部门的份额从零增加到10%左右，这两个目标都是在没有大规模私有化和政治制度改革的情况下实现的。
China's thirteen years of reforms (1979-1991) have achieved an average GNP annual growth rate of 8.6%. What makes China's reforms from those of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union is the sustained entry and expansion of the non-state sector. We argue that the organization structure of the economy matters. Unlike their unitary hierarchical structure based on the functional or specialization principles (the U-form), China's hierarchical economy has been the multi-layer-multi-regional one mainly based on territorial principle (the deep M-form, or briefly, the M-form). Reforms have further decentralized the M-form economy along regional lines, which provided flexibility and opportunities for carrying out regional experiments, for the rise of non-state enterprises, and for the emergence of markets. This is why China's non-state sector share of industrial output increased from 22% in 1978 to 47% in 1991 and its private sector's share from zero to about 10%, both being achieved without mass privatization and changes in the political system.