Nonsmokers' responses to new warning labels on smokeless tobacco and electronic cigarettes: an experimental study.
Nonsmokers' responses to new warning labels on smokeless tobacco and electronic cigarettes: an experimental study.
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DOI：
10.1186/1471-2458-14-997
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发表时间：
2014-09-25
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Ling PM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Popova L;Ling PM
图形警告标签是美国2009年《家庭吸烟预防和烟草控制法》规定的烟草控制最佳做法。然而，无烟烟草产品不需要带有图形警告标签，截至2014年9月，美国的电子烟不带有警告标签，并积极营销，包括“减少危害”或“FDA批准”的信息。在这项在线实验中，483名美国成年非烟草使用者被随机分配观看湿鼻烟、鼻烟和电子烟的印刷广告，这些广告带有警告标签（当前警告标签、图形警告标签）或“背书”（烟草公司提出的“低风险”标签，“FDA批准”标签）或对照（没有标签的烟草广告，非烟草消费品广告）。主要结果指标包括感知伤害的变化，对使用的积极态度，开放性，以及对湿鼻烟，鼻烟和电子烟免费样品的兴趣。图形警告标签增加了湿鼻烟和电子烟的感知危害。“低风险”和“FDA批准”标签分别降低了湿鼻烟和鼻烟的感知危害。目前的警告标签和图形警告标签显着降低了人们对电子烟的积极态度。在这个非烟草使用者样本中，15%的人对替代烟草产品（主要是电子烟）的免费样品感兴趣。对免费样品感兴趣的参与者比例在不同条件下没有显着差异，但对免费样品感兴趣的参与者对相应烟草产品危害的感知显着降低。监管机构不应允许“低风险”警告标签，这与禁止的“FDA批准”标签具有类似的效果，并应考虑对无烟烟草产品和电子烟实施图形警告标签。
Graphic warning labels are a tobacco control best practice that is mandated in the US for cigarettes under the 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act. However, smokeless tobacco products are not required to carry graphic warning labels, and as of September 2014, electronic cigarettes in the US carry no warning labels and are aggressively marketed, including with “reduced harm” or “FDA Approved” messages. In this online experiment, 483 US adult non-users of tobacco were randomized to view print advertisements for moist snuff, snus, and e-cigarettes with either warning labels (current warning label, graphic warning label) or “endorsements” (a “lower risk” label proposed by a tobacco company, an “FDA Approved” label) or control (tobacco advertisement with no label, advertisement for a non-tobacco consumer products). Main outcome measures included changes in perceived harm, positive attitudes towards, openness to using, and interest in a free sample of moist snuff, snus, and e-cigarettes. The graphic warning label increased perceived harm of moist snuff and e-cigarettes. “Lower risk” and “FDA Approved” labels decreased perceived harm of moist snuff and snus respectively. Current warning label and graphic warning label significantly lowered positive attitudes towards e-cigarettes. In this sample of non-users of tobacco, 15% were interested in a free sample of alternative tobacco products (predominantly e-cigarettes). Proportion of participants interested in a free sample did not differ significantly across the conditions, but those interested in a free sample had significantly lower perceptions of harm of corresponding tobacco products. Regulatory agencies should not allow “lower risk” warning labels, which have similar effects to the “FDA Approved” label, which is prohibited, and should consider implementing graphic warning labels for smokeless tobacco products and e-cigarettes.
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DOI：
10.1007/bf03403649
发表时间：
2004-05-01
影响因子：
4.3
作者：
Hammond, D;McDonald, PW;Cameron, R
通讯作者：
Cameron, R
影响因子：
4.7
作者：
Hyland, A;Li, Q;Cummings, KN
通讯作者：
Cummings, KN
影响因子：
2.4
作者：
Ruxton, GD
通讯作者：
Ruxton, GD
影响因子：
5.2
作者：
Hammond, D;Fong, GT;Brown, KS
通讯作者：
Brown, KS
影响因子：
12.7
作者：
Mejia, Adrienne B.;Ling, Pamela M.
通讯作者：
Ling, Pamela M.