On indirect genetic effects in structured populations
On indirect genetic effects in structured populations
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DOI：
10.1086/321324
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发表时间：
2001-09-01
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Wade, MJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Agrawal, AF;Brodie, ED;Wade, MJ
间接遗传效应（IGE）是指个体的表型，甚至可能是适应性，至少部分取决于其社会伙伴的基因。有效的结果是，表型变异的环境来源本身可以进化。简单的模型已经表明IGE可以改变参与相互作用的性状的进化速度和方向。在这里，我们扩大IGEs理论的适用性，包括个人和群体遗传结构之间的非线性相互作用的集合种群的进化。虽然人口细分单独产生一些戏剧性的和非直观的相互作用的表型的进化动力学，非线性相互作用与细分相结合，揭示了一个更重要的IGE。遗传结构的存在将相互作用的表型和影响其表达的性状（“效应性状”）的进化联系起来，即使在没有遗传相关性的情况下。当非线性社会效应发生在细分群体中时，进化反应会改变，甚至可能与直接选择的预期方向相反。由于人口的遗传结构允许多层次的选择，我们也调查IGEs在确定个人和群体选择的反应的作用。我们发现，非线性的社会效应可以导致选择水平之间的干扰，即使他们在同一方向上行动。在某些情况下，干扰可能是如此极端，以至于对多级选择的实际进化反应与通过对每个级别的选择进行求和所预测的方向相反。这一理论结果证实了经验数据，即即使选择在所有层次上都朝着同一方向作用，也不能忽视更高层次的选择。
Indirect genetic effects (IGEs) occur when the phenotype of an individual, and possibly its fitness, depends, at least in part, on the genes of its social partners. The effective result is that environmental sources of phenotypic variance can themselves evolve. Simple models have shown that IGEs can alter the rate and direction of evolution for traits involved in interactions. Here we expand the applicability of the theory of IGEs to evolution in metapopulations by including nonlinear interactions between individuals and population genetic structure. Although population subdivision alone generates some dramatic and nonintuitive evolutionary dynamics for interacting phenotypes, the combination of nonlinear interactions with subdivision reveals an even greater importance of IGEs. The presence of genetic structure links the evolution of interacting phenotypes and the traits that influence their expression ("effector traits") even in the absence of genetic correlations. When nonlinear social effects occur in subdivided populations, evolutionary response is altered and can even oppose the direction expected due to direct selection. Because population genetic structure allows for multilevel selection, we also investigate the role of IGEs in determining the response to individual and group selection. We find that nonlinear social effects can cause interference between levels of selection even when they act in the same direction. In some cases, interference can be so extreme that the actual evolutionary response to multilevel selection is opposite in direction to that predicted by summing selection at each level. This theoretical result confirms empirical data that show higher levels of selection cannot be ignored even when selection acts in the same direction at all levels.