Are changes in ADHD course reflected in differences in IQ and executive functioning from childhood to young adulthood?
Are changes in ADHD course reflected in differences in IQ and executive functioning from childhood to young adulthood?
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DOI：
10.1017/s0033291719003015
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发表时间：
2020-12-01
影响因子：
6.9
通讯作者：
Arseneault, Louise
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Agnew-Blais, Jessica C.;Polanczyk, Guilherme, V;Arseneault, Louise
背景。注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）与较差的认知功能有关。我们使用发育、遗传敏感的方法来检查患有不同 ADHD 课程的人从幼儿期到成年早期的智商 (IQ)，以调查 ADHD 的变化是否反映在 IQ 差异中。我们还检查了不同多动症课程中儿童期和青年期的执行功能。方法。研究参与者是环境风险 (E-Risk) 纵向双胞胎研究的一部分，该研究是一项基于人口的出生队列，由 2232 名双胞胎组成。我们评估了儿童期（5、7、10 和 12 岁）和成年早期（18 岁）的 ADHD。我们检查了 ADHD 的病程，如缓解、持续和迟发所反映的。智商在 5、12 和 18 岁时进行评估，执行功能在 5 和 18 岁时进行评估。结果。与对照组相比，多动症组在整个发育过程中表现出智商缺陷；患有持续性多动症的患者表现出最大的缺陷，其次是缓解型和晚发型。 ADHD 组的智商发展轨迹与对照组没有差异，这表明 ADHD 的变化并未反映在智商中。所有多动症组在 5 岁和 18 岁时执行功能任务的表现均较差；坚持者和汇款者仅在 18 岁时的抑制控制任务上存在差异。结论。 ADHD 病程的差异（持续、缓解和迟发）并未直接反映在智商的变化中。相反，在发育过程中的任何阶段患有多动症都与较低的平均智商和较差的执行功能有关。我们的发现是，患有持续性 ADHD 的个体的反应抑制能力比那些缓解的个体更差，这一发现需要重复。
Background. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with poorer cognitive functioning. We used a developmental, genetically-sensitive approach to examine intelligence quotient (IQ) from early childhood to young adulthood among those with different ADHD courses to investigate whether changes in ADHD were reflected in differences in IQ. We also examined executive functioning in childhood and young adulthood among different ADHD courses.Methods. Study participants were part of the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a population-based birth cohort of 2232 twins. We assessed ADHD in childhood (ages 5, 7, 10 and 12) and young adulthood (age 18). We examined ADHD course as reflected by remission, persistence and late-onset. IQ was evaluated at ages 5, 12 and 18, and executive functioning at ages 5 and 18.Results. ADHD groups showed deficits in IQ across development compared to controls; those with persistent ADHD showed the greatest deficit, followed by remitted and late-onset. ADHD groups did not differ from controls in developmental trajectory of IQ, suggesting changes in ADHD were not reflected in IQ. All ADHD groups performed more poorly on executive functioning tasks at ages 5 and 18; persisters and remitters differed only on an inhibitory control task at age 18.Conclusions. Differences in ADHD course - persistence, remission and late-onset - were not directly reflected in changes in IQ. Instead, having ADHD at any point across development was associated with lower average IQ and poorer executive functioning. Our finding that individuals with persistent ADHD have poorer response inhibition than those who remitted requires replication.