Infants’ developing understanding of the link between looker and object
Infants’ developing understanding of the link between looker and object
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婴儿对观察者与物体之间联系的理解不断发展
DOI：
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发表时间：
2003
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
A. Woodward
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Woodward
三项研究调查了婴儿对凝视涉及一个人和他或她凝视的对象之间关系的理解。婴儿们习惯了这样一个事件：演员转过身来看着两个玩具中的一个。然后，婴儿看到的测试事件是(1)行为人在习惯过程中转向同一侧看不同的玩具，或者(2)行为人在习惯过程中转向另一侧看相同的玩具。第一个变化涉及到行动者和客体之间关系的变化。第二种是参与者的新的物理运动，但参与者和对象之间的关系没有改变。7个月和9个月大的婴儿对演员和物体之间关系的变化没有反应，尽管两个年龄的婴儿都跟着演员的目光看玩具。相反，12个月大的婴儿对施主客体关系的变化有反应。控制条件证实，该范式是较年幼婴儿动作表征的敏感指标：7个月和9个月大的婴儿对行动者-客体关系的变化有反应，当行动者的凝视伴随着抓握。综上所述，这些发现表明，注视跟随最初并不与理解注视者和他或她注视的对象之间的关系密切相关，婴儿在9到12个月之间开始理解这种关系。
Three studies investigated infants’ understanding that gaze involves a relation between a person and the object of his or her gaze. Infants were habituated to an event in which an actor turned and looked at one of two toys. Then, infants saw test events in which (1) the actor turned to the same side as during habituation to look at a different toy, or (2) the actor turned to the other side to look at the same toy as during habituation. The first of these involved a change in the relation between actor and object. The second involved a new physical motion on the part of the actor but no change in the relation between actor and object. Seven- and 9-month-old infants did not respond to the change in relation between actor and object, although infants at both ages followed the actor’s gaze to the toys. In contrast, 12-month-old infants responded to the change in the actor‐object relation. Control conditions verified that the paradigm was a sensitive index of the younger infants’ representations of action: 7- and 9-month-olds responded to a change in the actor‐object relation when the actor’s gaze was accompanied by a grasp. Taken together, these findings indicate that gaze-following does not initially go hand in hand with understanding the relation between a person who looks and the object of his or her gaze, and that infants begin to understand this relation between 9 and 12 months.