The Positive Transitions Model for Sport Retirement
The Positive Transitions Model for Sport Retirement
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体育退休的积极转变模型
DOI：
10.1002/j.2161-1882.2001.tb00186.x
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发表时间：
2001
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Henderson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Christopher E. Stankovich;Darin J. Meeker;J. Henderson
学生运动员的积极转变是一个旨在解决大多数大学运动员面临的不可避免的体育退休过渡的心理社会和职业相关问题的计划。体育退休计划的发展提供了一个理由，是积极的过渡计划和结果数据。许多学生运动员梦想在完成大学生涯后从事职业运动;然而，大多数人都被取消了选择，因此不得不重新定义他们的个人身份。由于被迫退出体育运动（或脱离体育运动）而面临过渡，他们必须追求一种不涉及参加体育运动的职业。从历史上看，运动员独特的职业生涯终止问题很少受到研究人员的关注。这种缺乏对大学运动员的关注是不幸的，因为只有大约1%的学生运动员进入任何级别的职业运动（Figler & Figler，1984）。此外，只有大约2%的大学橄榄球运动员将在国家橄榄球联盟（全国大学生体育协会[NCAA]，1998年）。然而，足球只是一个有潜在退休困难的运动的例子。在其他体育运动中获得职业地位的几率甚至低于踢职业足球的几率。在50万名大学篮球运动员中，只有50名进入了国家篮球协会（NCAA，1998）。因此，大多数学生运动员，无论运动，性别或种族，都容易受到突然和困难的过渡时，积极参与体育不再是一种选择。一些研究人员将学生运动员视为“一群年轻人，作为他们共同的运动经历的一部分，他们遇到了非典型的需求和压力，这些需求和压力往往会挑战他们的个人发展和福祉”（埃策尔，费兰特和平克尼，1996年，第1页）。参与校际体育运动可能不会促进完成与职业相关的发展任务，大学生通常实现（布朗，1993年;布林，1993年）。布朗发现，选择运动职业的运动员以及运动员作为一个群体，在职业成熟度、职业决策、工作环境信息和首选职业群体知识方面的得分明显较低。Blann（1985）报告说，在高水平的比赛中，学生运动员比一般的大学生更不能够制定成熟的教育和职业计划。退出体育运动的运动员面临着生活上的创伤和中断，并经历着退役对身体和心理的一些影响。这些影响包括食欲不振，体重波动，月经周期跳过，失眠，情绪变化，失控感，对失去队友的悲伤，动力下降，以及对他人缺乏信任（Blinde & Stratta，1993）。具有完全基于运动的身份的含义也被调查。一些研究表明，具有强烈的、排他性的运动员身份的运动员在运动生涯结束时似乎最有可能出现情绪障碍（Baillie & Danish，1992; Brewer，1993; Ogilivie & Howe，1982; Pearson & Petitpas，1990; Werthner & Orlick，1986）。换句话说，那些在运动之外的能力中看不到自我价值的运动员，在竞争未来的职业机会时，可能会处于落后于非运动员的危险之中。然而，研究已经描述了几个中介变量对体育退役的影响，包括运动员身份（Brewer，货车Raalte，& Linder，1993），成就满意度（Werthner & Orlick，1986），角色困惑（Coakley，1978），自我效能（Luzzo，1993）和职业成熟度（Kennedy & Dimick，1987）。…
Positive Transitions for Student Athletes is a program designed to address the psychosocial and career-related issues surrounding the inevitable sport retirement transition faced by the majority of collegiate athletes. A rationale for the development of sport retirement programs is provided, as is the Positive Transitions program and outcome data. Many student athletes dream of playing professional sports on completion of their collegiate careers; however, most are deselected and are therefore left to redefine their personal identity. Faced with a transition because of forced retirement from sports (or separation from sport participation), they must pursue a career that does not involve participation in sports. Historically, the unique career termination issues of athletes have received little attention from researchers. This lack of focus on college athletes is unfortunate because only approximately 1% of all student athletes advance to any level of professional sport (Figler & Figler, 1984). Furthermore, only approximately 2% of all college football players will play in the National Football League (National Collegiate Athletic Association [NCAA], 1998). However, football is only one example of a sport with potential retirement difficulties. The odds of achieving professional status in other sports are even lower than the odds of playing professional football. Only 50 of 500,000 college basketball players advance to the National Basketball Association (NCAA, 1998). As a result, most student athletes, regardless of sport, gender, or race, are vulnerable to an abrupt and difficult transition when active participation in sports is no longer an option. Some researchers have viewed student athletes as "a group of young people who, as a function of their shared athletic experience, encounter atypical demands and pressures that often challenge the course of their personal development and well-being" (Etzel, Ferrante, & Pinkney, 1996, p. 1). Involvement in intercollegiate sports may not facilitate the accomplishment of the career-related developmental tasks that college students normally achieve (Brown, 1993; Bulling, 1993). Brown found that athletes who chose sport careers, as well as athletes as a group, scored significantly lower in the areas of career maturity, career decision making, world-of-work information, and knowledge of preferred occupational group. Blann (1985) reported that student athletes at a high level of competition were less able to formulate mature educational and career plans than were college students in general. Athletes who are separating from participation in sports face trauma and disruption in their lives, as well as experiencing a number of physical and psychological effects of sport retirement. These effects include loss of appetite, weight fluctuation, skipped menstrual cycles, insomnia, mood changes, a sense of being out of control, sadness about the loss of teammates, decline in motivation, and a lack of trust in others (Blinde & Stratta, 1993). The implications of having an identity based exclusively on athletics have also been investigated. Several studies have indicated that athletes with a strong, exclusive athletic identity seem to be most at risk for emotional disturbance on termination of the athletic career (Baillie & Danish, 1992; Brewer, 1993; Ogilivie & Howe, 1982; Pearson & Petitpas, 1990; Werthner & Orlick, 1986). In other words, athletes who see little or no self-worth in their abilities beyond athletics may be in jeopardy of lagging behind nonathletes when competing for future career opportunities. Research, however, has described the impact of several mediating variables regarding sport retirement, including athletic identity (Brewer, Van Raalte, & Linder, 1993), achievement satisfaction (Werthner & Orlick, 1986), role confusion (Coakley, 1978), self-efficacy (Luzzo, 1993), and career maturity (Kennedy & Dimick, 1987). …