SOCIAL FACILITATION
SOCIAL FACILITATION
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DOI：
10.1126/science.149.3681.269
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发表时间：
1965-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
56.9
通讯作者：
ZAJONC, RB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
ZAJONC, RB
在这篇文章中，我们试图将早期几乎被遗忘的社会促进工作整合起来，并解释看似相互矛盾的结果。这一解释与奥尔波特最初提出的解释有关，奥尔波特的理论是“其他人做同样事情的景象和声音”会增强持续的反应。然而，奥尔波特提出这种效应仅适用于外显的运动反应，假设其他人的存在“会阻碍而不是促进思想的智力或内隐反应”。后一个结论可能是由他在研究合作行动对解决问题的影响时观察到的负面结果得出的。然而，其他人的存在所产生的影响可能比提高个人的唤醒水平复杂得多。它可以提供有关适当或不适当反应的线索，如模仿或替代学习的情况。或者它可以为个人提供关于在模糊或有压力的情况下危险程度的线索。
In this article an attempt has been made to pull together the early, almost forgotten work on social facilitation, and to explain the seemingly conflicting results. This explanation is related to the one originally proposed by Allport, who theorized that "the sights and sounds of others doing the same thing" augment ongoing responses. Allport, however, proposed this effect only for overt motor responses, assuming that "intellectual or implicit responses of thought are hampered rather than facilitated" by the presence of others. This latter conclusion was probably suggested to him by the negative results he observed in his research on the effects of co-action on problem solving. However, the presence of others may have effects considerably more complex than that of increasing the individual''s arousal level. It may provide cues as to appropriate or inappropriate responses, as in the case of imitation or vicarious learning. Or it may supply the individual with cues as to the measure of danger in an ambiguous or stressful situation.