Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences the Orbitofrontal Cortex and the Computation of Subjective Value: Consolidated Concepts and New Perspectives
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences the Orbitofrontal Cortex and the Computation of Subjective Value: Consolidated Concepts and New Perspectives
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通讯作者：
A. N. Acad;Sci;C. Padoa-Schioppa;Xinying Cai
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作者：
A. N. Acad;Sci;C. Padoa-Schioppa;Xinying Cai
近年来，对眶额皮质（orbitofrontalcortex，OFC）功能的研究取得了显著进展。这一区域的神经元编码猴子在做出选择时对不同商品赋予的主观价值，这一发现已经被许多使用灵长类动物神经生理学和人类成像的研究所证实和扩展。此外，新的病变研究表明，在OFC计算的主观价值是因果关系和具体相关的选择行为。重要的是，OFC中的价值与商品有关，而不是与行动或空间位置有关。此外，主观价值似乎是计算在这方面，即使情况并不需要选择。鉴于这一日益增长的工作，我们提出，OFC的主要功能是计算良好的身份和主观价值的抽象表示。在这种观点下，只要商品与行为相关，OFC神经元就会计算出该商品的主观价值。在纽约科学院召开的第一届眶额皮层会议上，一位作者发表了一篇论文，其中回顾了眶额皮层的功能之一是计算主观价值的证据。[1]当时提出的主要论点可大致归纳如下。首先，帕多阿-夏奥帕和阿萨德进行了一项经济选择研究，让猴子在不同数量的果汁中进行选择，结果表明，中央眶额皮层（13 m区域及其周围）的神经元对动物分配给不同商品的主观价值进行了编码。2在该研究中，主观价值是在行为层面上从两个维度（或决定因素）之间的权衡来定义的，这两个维度（或决定因素）是不同的，即果汁类型和果汁数量。在神经元水平上，发现了三种类型的神经元：提供价值细胞编码两种果汁中的一种的价值;选择价值细胞编码所选果汁的价值;味觉细胞以二进制方式编码所选果汁的身份。这三个变量被发现解释的活动的神经元群体在眶额皮层显着优于许多其他变量的测试，在该研究中，包括其他值，值的差异，总价值，等第二，确认以前的观察，3，4该研究还表明，神经元表示的主观价值在眶额皮层并不依赖于视觉的偶然性的选择。例如，神经元的活动编码的报价价值...
Remarkable progress has been made in recent years toward understanding the functions of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). The finding that neurons in this area encode the subjective value monkeys assign to different goods while making choices has been confirmed and extended by numerous studies using both primate neurophysiology and human imaging. Moreover, new lesion studies demonstrated that subjective values computed in the OFC are causally and specifically related to choice behavior. Importantly, values in the OFC are attached to goods, not to actions or to spatial locations. Furthermore, subjective values appear to be computed in this area even if the situation does not require a choice. In the light of this growing body of work, we propose that the primary function of the OFC is the computation of good identities and subjective values in an abstract representation. In this view, OFC neurons compute the subjective value of a good whenever that good is behaviorally relevant. In the paper published in the proceedings of the first conference on orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) held at the New York Academy of Sciences, one of the authors reviewed evidence suggesting that one function of the OFC is to compute subjective values. 1 The main arguments presented then can be roughly summarized as follows. First, an economic choice study by Padoa-Schioppa and Assad, in which monkeys chose between different juices offered in variable amounts, had shown that neurons in the central OFC (in and around area 13 m) encode the subjective values animals assigned to the different goods. 2 In that study, subjective value was defined at the behavioral level from the trade-off between the two dimensions (or determinants) on which offers varied, namely juice type and juice amount. At the neuronal level, three types of neurons were found: offer value cells encoded the value of only one of the two juices; chosen value cells encoded the value of the chosen juice; taste cells encoded the identity of chosen juice in a binary way. These three variables were found to explain the activity of the neuronal population in OFC significantly better than numerous other variables tested in that study, including other value, value difference , total value, etc. Second, confirming previous observations, 3,4 that study had also shown that the neuronal representation of subjective value in OFC did not depend on the visuomotor contingencies of choice. For example, the activity of neurons encoding the offer value …