Exposure to fine particles (PM2.5 and PM1) and black smoke in the general population:: personal, indoor, and outdoor levels
Exposure to fine particles (PM2.5 and PM1) and black smoke in the general population:: personal, indoor, and outdoor levels
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DOI：
10.1038/sj.jes.7500562
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发表时间：
2007-11-01
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Sallsten, Gerd
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Johannesson, Sandra;Gustafson, Pernilla;Sallsten, Gerd
在瑞典哥德堡的一般成年人群（30名受试者，23-51岁）中测量了PM2.5和PM 1的个人暴露以及室内和住宅室外水平。同时，城市背景浓度的PM2.5进行了监测，与EPA空气质量影响器。24小时的样品进行重量分析的质量浓度和黑烟（BS），使用烟渍反射计。PM2.5的中位数水平为8.4 μ g/m3（个人），8.6 μ g/m3（室内），6.4 μ g/m3（住宅室外）和5.6 μ g/m3（城市背景）。个人暴露于PM 1为5.4 μ g/m3，而室内和室外PM 1水平分别为6.2和5.2 μ g/m3。在非吸烟者中，个人暴露于PM2.5的水平显著高于住宅室外水平。所有微环境的BS吸收系数相当相似（0.4-0.5 × 10（-5）m（-1））。个人暴露于颗粒物（PM）和BS是很好的相关性与室内水平，有一个可接受的协议之间的个人暴露和城市背景浓度的PM2.5和BS2.5（r（s）= 0.61和0.65，分别）。在所有微环境中，PM 1占PM2.5的相当大的比例（70-80%）。BS水平在室外高于室内，秋季高于春季。对于包括个人暴露在内的所有微环境，PM2.5与BS2.5和PM 1与BS 1的颗粒物质量和BS之间的相关性都很弱。城市背景站提供了一个很好的估计住宅室外PM2.5和BS2.5水平的城市（r（s）= 0.90和0.77，分别）。室外水平受到远距离传输的空气污染的很大影响，而个人接触或室内水平则没有发现这种影响。在非吸烟者中，个体内（当天）变异性在PM2.5和BS2.5的个人暴露中占主导地位。
Personal exposure to PM2.5 and PM1, together with indoor and residential outdoor levels, was measured in the general adult population (30 subjects, 23-51 years of age) of Gothenburg, Sweden. Simultaneously, urban background concentrations of PM2.5 were monitored with an EPA WINS impactor. The 24-h samples were gravimetrically analyzed for mass concentration and black smoke (BS) using a smokestain reflectometer. Median levels of PM2.5 were 8.4 mu g/m(3) (personal), 8.6 mu g/m(3) (indoor), 6.4 mu g/m(3) (residential outdoor), and 5.6 mu g/m(3) (urban background). Personal exposure to PM1 was 5.4 mu g/m(3), while PM1 indoor and outdoor levels were 6.2 and 5.2 mu g/m(3), respectively. In non-smokers, personal exposure to PM2.5 was significantly higher than were residential outdoor levels. BS absorption coefficients were fairly similar for all microenvironments (0.4-0.5 10(-5) m(-1)). Personal exposure to particulate matter ( PM) and BS was well correlated with indoor levels, and there was an acceptable agreement between personal exposure and urban background concentrations for PM2.5 and BS2.5 (r(s) = 0.61 and 0.65, respectively). PM1 made up a considerable amount (70-80%) of PM2.5 in all microenvironments. Levels of BS were higher outdoors than indoors and higher during the fall compared with spring. The correlations between particle mass and BS for both PM2.5 vs. BS2.5 and PM1 versus BS1 were weak for all microenvironments including personal exposure. The urban background station provided a good estimate of residential outdoor levels of PM2.5 and BS2.5 within the city (r(s) = 0.90 and 0.77, respectively). Outdoor levels were considerably affected by long-range transported air pollution, which was not found for personal exposure or indoor levels. The within-individual ( day-today) variability dominated for personal exposure to both PM2.5 and BS2.5 in non-smokers.