Introduction: plurality in patenting: medical technology and cultures of protection.
Introduction: plurality in patenting: medical technology and cultures of protection.
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简介：专利多元化：医疗技术和保护文化。
DOI：
10.1017/s0007087416001151
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
0.8
通讯作者：
Stark JF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Stark JF
专利既没有单一的战略，也没有简单的意义。在几乎所有发达国家，获得专利的过程都变得越来越复杂，而曾经授予的专利的功能远远超出了这些狭窄、复杂的法律的文件的范围。事实上，即使是专利本身的文本本身也具有争议的法律的和政治意义，可以履行多种社会功能。[1]最近对英国电气技术的历史研究表明，专利可以立即用来赚钱，补贴未来的研究活动，通过投资支持家庭收入，吸引资本投资于有专利保护回报的企业，与其他公司实体讨价还价，向购买者保证质量和功效，并为创造性资产提供法律的保护，使其免受竞争对手的掠夺。同样，如果没有申请专利，也可能是出于各种各样的原因，无论是因为要求保护的发明缺乏新奇;还是因为公司或个人寻求通过专业和道德信誉以非货币形式获利;或者因为发明者认为申请专利是无原则的，违反了商业礼仪。2本书中专利的叙述，作为多功能文件和发明战略的主要架构师，主要与1900年左右关键的几十年中的英国和美国有关，进一步突出了与专利相关的不同含义，实践和文化，
Patenting has had neither a single strategy nor a simple meaning. In almost all developed countries the process of securing a patent has become increasingly convoluted, whilst the functions of patents once conferred reach far beyond the confines of these narrow, complex legal documents. Indeed, even the very text of patents themselves has contested legal and political significance and can fulfil multiple social functions. 1 Recent historical research on electrical technologies in Britain has shown that patents could at once be used to make profit, subsidize future research activities, support family income through investment, attract capital investment in business with the promise of patentprotected returns, bargain with other corporate entities, assure purchasers of quality and efficacy, and provide legal protection over creative assets against predation by competitors. Similarly, when patenting did not take place it could be for comparably diverse reasons, whether because the claimed invention lacked novelty; or the company or individual sought instead to profit in non-monetary terms through professional, moral credit; or because patenting was regarded by the inventor (s) as being unprincipled and a breach of gentlemanly etiquette. 2 That the narrative of patents in this collection, as multi-functional documents and key architects of inventive strategy, relates largely to Britain and the United States during the critical decades around 1900 serves to further highlight the disparate meanings, practices and cultures associated with patenting and