Farming and the geography of nutrient production for human use: a transdisciplinary analysis.
Farming and the geography of nutrient production for human use: a transdisciplinary analysis.
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DOI：
10.1016/s2542-5196(17)30007-4
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发表时间：
2017-04
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Havlík P
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Herrero M;Thornton PK;Power B;Bogard JR;Remans R;Fritz S;Gerber JS;Nelson G;See L;Waha K;Watson RA;West PC;Samberg LH;van de Steeg J;Stephenson E;van Wijk M;Havlík P
关于农业和养分生产及其多样性的全球结构的信息对于增进目前对国家粮食生产模式、农业生计和食物链及其与土地利用及其相关生态系统服务的联系的了解至关重要。在这里，我们提供了按农场规模划分的全球农业和养分生产的合理分类，并研究了农场规模、农业多样性和养分生产之间的关联。这一分析对于设计干预措施至关重要，这些干预措施可能有适当的针对性，以促进健康饮食和生态系统，以应对人口增长、城市化和气候变化。我们使用现有的空间显式全球数据集来估计41种主要农作物、7种牲畜和14种水产养殖和鱼类产品的产量水平。根据总产量估计，我们估计了维生素A、维生素B12、叶酸、铁、锌、钙、卡路里和蛋白质的产量。我们还估计了不同规模的农场对不同农产品和相关养分生产的相对贡献，以及基于每个地理像素种植的不同产品的数量和该像素内产品的分布(香农多样性指数[H])的粮食生产多样性如何随农场规模的变化而变化。在全球范围内，小型和中型农场(≤50公顷)生产的几乎所有商品和营养物质的51-77%。然而，存在着重要的地区差异。大型农场(50公顷)在北美、南美、澳大利亚和新西兰的生产中占据主导地位。在这些地区，大型农场贡献了所有谷物、牲畜和水果产量的75%至100%，其他商品类别的模式也类似。相比之下，小农场(≤20公顷)生产了撒哈拉以南非洲、东南亚、南亚和中国地区超过75%的粮食。在欧洲、西亚和北非以及中美洲，中型农场(20-50公顷)对大多数粮食商品的生产也有很大贡献。非常小的农场(≤2公顷)在撒哈拉以南非洲、东南亚和南亚非常重要，在当地具有重要意义，它们贡献了这些地区约30%的食品。大多数蔬菜(81%)、根茎和块茎(72%)、豆类(67%)、水果(66%)、鱼和畜产品(60%)以及谷类(56%)都产自不同的景观(H>；1.5)。同样，全球大多数微量营养素(53-81%)和蛋白质(57%)也是在更多样化的农业景观中生产的(H>；1·5)。相比之下，大多数糖类(73%)和油料作物(57%)是在多样性较低的作物(H≤1·5)中生产的，这些作物也占全球卡路里产量的大部分(56%)。农业和养分生产的多样性随着农场规模的扩大而减少。然而，世界上农业多样性较高的地区，无论农场规模大小，都会产生更多的养分。我们的结果表明，农场规模和农业生产的多样性在不同地区有很大差异，是粮食和养分生产的关键结构性决定因素，需要在计划中考虑，以实现社会、经济和环境目标。在全球一级，小型和大型农场在粮食和营养安全方面都发挥着关键作用。随着农场规模的扩大，努力保持生产的多样性似乎是维持各种营养物质和可行的、多功能的、可持续的景观的生产所必需的。其他合作伙伴包括：澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织、比尔和梅林达·盖茨基金会、CGIAR基金理事会资助的气候变化、农业和粮食安全以及农业促进营养与健康研究计划、丹尼尔和尼娜·卡拉索基金会、欧盟、国际农业发展基金、澳大利亚研究理事会、国家科学基金会、戈登和贝蒂·摩尔基金会，以及农业、粮食安全和气候变化联合规划倡议-贝尔蒙论坛。
Information about the global structure of agriculture and nutrient production and its diversity is essential to improve present understanding of national food production patterns, agricultural livelihoods, and food chains, and their linkages to land use and their associated ecosystems services. Here we provide a plausible breakdown of global agricultural and nutrient production by farm size, and also study the associations between farm size, agricultural diversity, and nutrient production. This analysis is crucial to design interventions that might be appropriately targeted to promote healthy diets and ecosystems in the face of population growth, urbanisation, and climate change. We used existing spatially-explicit global datasets to estimate the production levels of 41 major crops, seven livestock, and 14 aquaculture and fish products. From overall production estimates, we estimated the production of vitamin A, vitamin B12, folate, iron, zinc, calcium, calories, and protein. We also estimated the relative contribution of farms of different sizes to the production of different agricultural commodities and associated nutrients, as well as how the diversity of food production based on the number of different products grown per geographic pixel and distribution of products within this pixel (Shannon diversity index [H]) changes with different farm sizes. Globally, small and medium farms (≤50 ha) produce 51–77% of nearly all commodities and nutrients examined here. However, important regional differences exist. Large farms (>50 ha) dominate production in North America, South America, and Australia and New Zealand. In these regions, large farms contribute between 75% and 100% of all cereal, livestock, and fruit production, and the pattern is similar for other commodity groups. By contrast, small farms (≤20 ha) produce more than 75% of most food commodities in sub-Saharan Africa, southeast Asia, south Asia, and China. In Europe, west Asia and north Africa, and central America, medium-size farms (20–50 ha) also contribute substantially to the production of most food commodities. Very small farms (≤2 ha) are important and have local significance in sub-Saharan Africa, southeast Asia, and south Asia, where they contribute to about 30% of most food commodities. The majority of vegetables (81%), roots and tubers (72%), pulses (67%), fruits (66%), fish and livestock products (60%), and cereals (56%) are produced in diverse landscapes (H>1·5). Similarly, the majority of global micronutrients (53–81%) and protein (57%) are also produced in more diverse agricultural landscapes (H>1·5). By contrast, the majority of sugar (73%) and oil crops (57%) are produced in less diverse ones (H≤1·5), which also account for the majority of global calorie production (56%). The diversity of agricultural and nutrient production diminishes as farm size increases. However, areas of the world with higher agricultural diversity produce more nutrients, irrespective of farm size. Our results show that farm size and diversity of agricultural production vary substantially across regions and are key structural determinants of food and nutrient production that need to be considered in plans to meet social, economic, and environmental targets. At the global level, both small and large farms have key roles in food and nutrition security. Efforts to maintain production diversity as farm sizes increase seem to be necessary to maintain the production of diverse nutrients and viable, multifunctional, sustainable landscapes. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, CGIAR Research Programs on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security and on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health funded by the CGIAR Fund Council, Daniel and Nina Carasso Foundation, European Union, International Fund for Agricultural Development, Australian Research Council, National Science Foundation, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, and Joint Programming Initiative on Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change—Belmont Forum.