THE CONFLICT OF LAW AND POLICY ON RESERVATIONS TO HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES
THE CONFLICT OF LAW AND POLICY ON RESERVATIONS TO HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES
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对人权条约的保留的法律和政策冲突
DOI：
10.1093/bybil/71.1.181
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发表时间：
2001
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Y. Tyagi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Y. Tyagi
近几十年来，规范性条约已取代习惯规则，成为国际法的主要渊源。这在包括人权在内的许多领域都是如此。人权条约促进了习惯规则和国际法一般原则的发展。这些条约不仅规定了缔约方之间的义务，还规定了缔约方和个人之间的义务；它们吸引了特殊继承规则的应用；他们的谴责至少被视为一种倒退行为。更重要的是，这些条约已成为许多法官和律师解释国内立法的灵感来源。由于人权运动的激烈程度，各国可能会发现很难为其不批准人权条约提供理由。一些国际组织只向批准某些人权条约的国家授予成员资格。批准人权条约表明批准国遵守文明标准。因此，一国在国际社会的信誉至少部分取决于其接受和遵守人权条约规定的义务。另一方面，国家官僚机构普遍仍对国际责任感到担忧，并对接受条约义务保持一贯的谨慎态度。各国决心避免人权外交中的孤立，采取有保留地批准人权条约的做法。 1 此类保留会引起一系列
Normative treaties have overtaken customary rules as the main sources of international law in recent decades. This is true in a variety of fields, including human rights. Human rights treaties have contributed to the development of customary rules and general principles of international law. These treaties create obligations not only among parties but also between parties and individuals; they attract the application of special rules of succession; and their denunciation is regarded as, at least, a retrograde act. More important, these treaties have become a source of inspiration to many judges and lawyers in their interpretation of domestic legislation. Because of the intensity of the human rights movement, States may find it di‹ cult to justify their non-ratification of a human rights treaty. Some international organizations grant their membership only to those States which ratify certain human rights treaties. The ratification of a human rights treaty demonstrates the ratifying State’s adherence to civilized standards. As a result, a State’s credentials in international society depend in part at least on the acceptance of and compliance with its obligations under human rights treaties. On the other hand, State bureaucracies generally remain apprehensive of international accountability and maintain their customary caution as to the acceptance of treaty obligations. Determined to avoid isolation in human rights diplomacy, States resort to the practice of ratifying human rights treaties with reservations. 1 Such reservations give rise to a range of