What Comes Naturally: Miscegenation Law and the Making of Race in America.
What Comes Naturally: Miscegenation Law and the Making of Race in America.
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自然发生的事情：通婚法和美国种族的形成。
DOI：
10.5860/choice.47-1130
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
0.4
通讯作者：
Nicholas Langer
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Nicholas Langer
帕斯科佩吉什么是自然的：美国的种族通婚法和种族的形成。纽约：牛津大学出版社，2009年。同样的惩罚方式与白人谁违反了法律。第四章考察了法庭试图强制异族通婚的随意方法。本章旨在表明，由于需要对被告的种族进行明确分类，因此，创建种族定义和指标的努力最终是徒劳的。第五章探讨了划分种族定义的责任转移到结婚证的发放者身上，并再次强调了种族分类的混乱和随意性。第六章详细介绍了在二十世纪的头几十年里，全国有色人种协进会有组织地反对异族通婚法的兴起，并解释了全国有色人种协进会不愿意挑战北方以外的异族通婚法，因为担心公众的愤怒会阻碍全国有色人种协进会挑战其他形式的种族隔离的能力。第七章接着详细介绍了异族通婚法首先被州法院宣布违宪的案例，为通过州立法机构废除异族通婚法的挑战开辟了道路。然而，帕斯科强调，这些成功未能在南方获得牵引力或解决非法性行为的概念。第八章记载了文化上对反异族通婚支持的软化，这使得最高法院根据第十四修正案宣布异族通婚法律违宪的决定成为可能。第九章结束了这本书，观察到洛夫案被误解为主张色盲，并已被利用来主张结束一切形式的歧视，但也被重新调整，以服务于保守的美国人的修辞手段。在了解什么来自然的根源的重要性，佩吉帕斯科检查美国异族通婚法的实施。她认为，异族通婚法“为白色至上和白色纯洁的项目奠定了基础，”（第14页）。在这样做时，帕斯科认为，异族通婚法的产生也是通过合并各种过程产生的，从地方法院的裁决到白色男性财产权的主张。在第一章中，帕斯科以讨论殖民地美国人制定异族通婚法的原始动机开始。这些动机是奴役非洲人和防止奴隶妻子获得立足点以要求主人财产的理由。在重建时期，这种保护白色男性财产权的观念表现在保护异族婚姻，将其作为维护白色男性财产所有者意志的一种手段。第二章分析了首先将婚姻置于州法律的管辖之下，然后在州一级将异族婚姻定为非法，从而拆除了对异族婚姻的辩护。这就是发生在印第安纳州的过程，它把任何种族间的浪漫关系都污名化为非法性行为，那里的法院判决也成为南方各州回避第十四修正案的法律的先例。在第三章中，白色男性财产所有者的关注再次推动了种族的扩张，并将其纳入了异族通婚法。异族通婚法律合宪性的神话是由西方国家延续的，这些国家扩大了据称受到对待的种族名单。
Pascoe, Peggy. What Comes Naturally: Miscegenation Law and the Making of Race in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. equally by way of equal punishment to that of whites who broke the law. Chapter four examines the haphazard methods by which courtrooms attempted to enforce miscegenation. This chapter serves to demonstrate that the need to definitively classify the race of defendants led to an ultimately futile effort to create definitions and indicators of race. Chapter five examines the shift in the responsibility of delineating race definitions to the issuers of marriage licenses, and again emphasizes the confusion and arbitrary nature with which race was classified. Chapter six details the rise of organized opposition to miscegenation law by the NAACP in the first decades of the twentieth century and explains the NAACP’s unwillingness to challenge miscegenation laws outside the North as resultant from fear that public outrage would hamper the NAACP’s ability to challenge other forms of segregation. Chapter seven goes on to detail the cases by which miscegenation law would first be declared unconstitutional by state courts, opening the way for challenges to miscegenation law by way of repeal by state legislatures. Pascoe emphasizes, however, that these successes failed to gain traction in the South or address the notions of illicit sex. Chapter eight chronicles the softening of cultural support for anti-miscegenation which made possible the Supreme Court decision to declare miscegenation laws unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment. Chapter nine finishes the book by observing that the Loving case was misconstrued as advocating colorblindness and has since been harnessed to argue for the end of discrimination in all forms but has also been retooled to serve the rhetorical devices of conservative Americans. The importance of What Comes Naturally in understanding the roots of In What Comes Naturally, Peggy Pascoe examines the implementation of American miscegenation law. She argues that miscegenation law “laid the foundations for the projects of white supremacy and white purity,” (p. 14). In doing so, Pascoe argues that the production of miscegenation law also was produced through an amalgamation of various processes from the decisions of local courts to assertions of white male property rights. In chapter one, Pascoe opens with a discussion of the original motivations for the production of miscegenation law by colonial Americans. Those motivations were the justification of African enslavement and the prevention of slave wives gaining a foothold by which to claim their master’s property. In the context of Reconstruction, this notion of protecting white male property rights manifested itself in the protection of interracial marriage as a means to assert the will of white male property owners. Chapter two analyzes the dismantling of the defense of interracial marriage by first placing marriage under the jurisdiction of state law and then by making interracial marriage illegal at the state level. This is the process that occurred in Indiana and served to stigmatize any interracial romantic involvement as illicit sex, the court decisions made there also served as legal precedents by which southern states sidestepped the Fourteenth Amendment. In chapter three, the concerns of white male property owners again motivated the expansion of races which were included in miscegenation laws. The myth of the constitutionality of miscegenation laws was perpetuated by Western states that expanded the list of races that were supposedly treated