Introduction to the JINS Special Issue: Physical Activity and Brain Plasticity.
Introduction to the JINS Special Issue: Physical Activity and Brain Plasticity.
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JINS 特刊简介：体力活动与大脑可塑性。
DOI：
10.1017/s1355617715001149
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发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Rao,StephenM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
CarsonSmith,J;Erickson,KirkI;Rao,StephenM
长期以来，积极的生活方式和良好的心肺健康与降低发病率和全因死亡率有关（Blair et al., 1989; Kujala, Kaprio, Sarna, & Koskenvuo, 1998; Samitz, Egger, & Zwahlen, 2011）。在Spirduso及其同事的开创性工作（Spirduso, 1975; Spirduso & Clifford, 1978）的推动下，过去40年来，积极锻炼的生活方式是否也能对神经认知产生益处一直是科学界关注的主题。随着研究人员和政策制定者努力应对面临认知能力下降和痴呆症风险的老年人数量的预期增加，注意力的焦点已经转移到确定预防或减缓认知能力下降速度的干预措施上。一个多学科专家小组得出结论，没有足够的证据支持使用药物、膳食补充剂或其他生活方式干预，包括体育活动，来预防认知能力下降（Daviglus等人，2010）。然而，该小组也注意到运动和体育活动干预研究的令人鼓舞的结果。体力活动对代谢和心血管疾病的保护作用已被充分证明，这为所有人都应该加强体力活动的建议提供了令人信服的证据。然而，关于体育锻炼对大脑可塑性的影响，还有许多悬而未决的问题，如果临床医生要用体育锻炼来治疗或预防认知和大脑功能障碍，就必须研究这些问题。2015年医学研究所（IOM, 2015）关于认知衰老的报告强调了许多关于运动和体育活动影响的未解之谜，包括与急性运动模式、强度和持续时间变化相关的影响；运动训练的最佳时长，以及如果停止或维持一项运动计划，其益处是否持续；习惯性体育活动开始的年龄是否会对所获得的认知益处以及体育活动与其他生活方式行为的潜在协同效应产生影响。运动和体育活动的多效性对理解运动和体育活动如何以及在何种情况下对人类产生神经可塑性效应的机制提出了挑战。在本期《神经科学杂志》的特刊中，我们探讨了单次运动、运动训练干预和参与休闲时间的体育活动可能导致大脑可塑性的程度。本论文集以各种观点和方法为特色，用于探索运动和神经心理科学的交叉点及其在整个生命周期健康成年人和临床人群研究中的应用。本期特刊重点介绍了三项运动干预研究的结果，每项研究都采用了不同的运动训练模式。在Barcelos等人的研究中，据报道，相对于低注意力运动控制干预，锻炼干预的效果可以提高俯身任务的表现。据报道，在老年人进行抗阻运动干预12个月后，大脑的结构完整性和可能的神经可塑性在白质体积上得到了更大的保存（Best等人），这表明白质的保护作用具有持久性。关于灰质，Reiter等人报道，在健康老年人和诊断为轻度认知障碍的老年人中，步行运动干预后心肺功能的增加与皮质厚度的增加有关。在……
A physically active lifestyle and greater cardiorespiratory fitness have long been associated with reduced morbidity and all-cause mortality (Blair et al., 1989; Kujala, Kaprio, Sarna, & Koskenvuo, 1998; Samitz, Egger, & Zwahlen, 2011). Whether a physically active lifestyle can also have neurocognitive benefits has been the subject of scientific interest for the past 40 years, stimulated by the seminal work of Spirduso and her colleagues (Spirduso, 1975; Spirduso & Clifford, 1978). As researchers and policy makers grapple with the expected increase in the number of older adults at risk for cognitive decline and dementia, the focus of attention has shifted to identifying interventions that prevent or slow down the rate of cognitive decline. A multidisciplinary panel of experts concluded that there is insufficient evidence to support the use of pharmaceutical agents, dietary supplements, or other lifestyle interventions, including physical activity, to prevent cognitive decline (Daviglus et al., 2010). However, the panel also noted the promising results from exercise and physical activity intervention studies. The many well-documented protective effects of physical activity against metabolic and cardiovascular disease alone provide convincing evidence to support the recommendation that all people should be more physically active. However, there are many unanswered questions regarding the effects of physical activity on brain plasticity, and these questions must be pursued if physical activity is to be prescribed by clinicians to treat or prevent disorders of cognition and brain function. The 2015 Institute of Medicine (IOM, 2015) report on cognitive aging emphasized many unanswered questions regarding the effects of exercise and physical activity, including effects related to variation in the mode, intensity, and duration of acute exercise; the optimal length of exercise training, and if the benefits persist if one discontinues or maintains an exercise program; whether the age at which habitual physical activity is initiated makes a difference in the cognitive benefits that are obtained, and the potential synergistic effects of physical activity with other lifestyle behaviors. The pleiotropic nature of exercise and physical activity presents a challenge to understanding the mechanisms for precisely how and under what circumstances exercise and physical activity exert neuroplastic effects in humans. In this special issue of JINS, we address the extent to which single sessions of exercise, as well as exercise training interventions and participation in leisure-time physical activity, may result in brain plasticity. This collection of papers features a variety of perspectives and methodologies used to probe the intersection of exercise and neuropsychological sciences and its application to the study of healthy adults across the lifespan as well as clinical populations. This special issue highlights the results from three exercise intervention studies, each using a different mode of exercise training. In the study by Barcelos et al., the effects of an exergaming intervention is reported to result in improved performance on the Stoop task relative to a low attention exercise control intervention. The structural integrity of the brain, and possible neuroplasticity due to exercise, is reported as greater preservation of white matter volume 12 months after older adults performed a resistance exercise intervention (Best et al.), suggesting durability of the protective effects in white matter. In regard to gray matter, Reiter et al. report that an increase in cardiorespiratory fitness after a walking exercise intervention was associated with increased cortical thickness in both healthy older adults and older adults diagnosed with MCI. In the …