Current status of shrimp farming and diseases in Cambodia
Current status of shrimp farming and diseases in Cambodia
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柬埔寨对虾养殖现状及病害
DOI：
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Mey Sothea
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
O. Lang;Mey Sothea
柬埔寨的对虾养殖始于1989年，自1991年以来已显著扩大。在贡布、吉布、西哈努克城和戈公四个沿海省份进行了对虾养殖。黑虎对虾（Penaeus monodon）和白足对虾（P. vannamei）分别是贡布、吉布、西哈努克城和公岛的咸淡水池塘中广泛和密集养殖的主要品种。在红树林附近建造了广泛的虾池，池内有些虾池内有红树林，放养密度为5,000至20,000尾/公顷。然而，产量仍然很低，为100公斤/公顷/年。集约化养殖的放养密度为30 ~ 50万头幼虫/公顷。虽然对农场建设、池塘建设和农场经营的投资成本很高，但新建立的农场的产量已达到每公顷7至8公吨。1999年，在高光省养殖的单斑虾中首次报道了白斑病、单斑虾杆状病毒病和黄头病的发生，导致一些养殖户停止集约化养殖黑虎虾。迄今为止，只有一小部分虾农冒险进行了大规模的虾养殖，目前正在经营的虾区约为10公顷。为减轻虾类疾病的负面影响并促进柬埔寨虾类产业的发展，建立国家水生动物疾病报告系统；检测、监测和疾病监测能力建设；制定国家对虾良好养殖规范准则；设立次级研究中心并为海洋水产养殖发展和推广服务提供相应的资金支持；在当地建立虾类孵化场，并为养殖户提供实际操作培训；加强省级官员、研究人员和农民网络之间的合作应该相应地建立起来。
The farming of penaeid shrimps in Cambodia began in 1989 and has significantly expanded since 1991. Shrimp cultivation has been carried out in the four coastal provinces, i.e. Kampot, Kep, Preah Sihanouk Ville, and Koh Kong. Black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) and whiteleg shrimp (P. vannamei) are the main species being cultured extensively and intensively in brackishwater ponds in Kampot, Kep, and Preah Sihanouk Ville, and Koh Kong, respectively. Extensive shrimp ponds were constructed close to the mangrove areas with some containing mangroves within the pond and stocking density ranging from 5,000 to 20,000 postlarvae/ha. However, the productivity remains low at >100 kg/ ha/ year. On the contrary, intensive culture has a stocking density ranging from 300,000 to 500,000 postlarvae/ha. While high cost of investment for farm establishment, pond construction and farm operation are required, productions of newly established farms have reached 7 to 8 metric tons (MT) /ha per crop. The occurrence of white spot disease, monodon baculovirus disease, and yellow head disease was first reported in 1999 among cultured P. monodon in Koh Kong province causing a number of farmers to stop the intensive cultivation of black tiger shrimp. To date, only a small proportion of shrimp farmers have ventured into extensive shrimp farming with approximately 10 ha of shrimp areas currently in operation. To mitigate the negative impacts of shrimp diseases and promote the expansion of the shrimp industry in Cambodia, development of a national reporting system for aquatic animal diseases; capacity building for detection, monitoring and disease surveillance; creation of National Guidelines On Good Shrimp Aquaculture Practices; establishment of subresearch centers and concomitant funding support for marine aquaculture development and extension services; establishment of local shrimp hatcheries and provision of hands-on trainings for farmers; and strengthening collaborations among provincial officers, researchers and farmers’ network should be accordingly instituted.