Size and scale effects as constraints in insect sound communication
Size and scale effects as constraints in insect sound communication
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DOI：
10.1098/rstb.1998.0219
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发表时间：
1998-03-29
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Bennet-Clark, HC
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作者：
Bennet-Clark, HC
为了将能量最佳地传递到周围的介质，声源的半径应该是声波波长的1/6到1/4。声波以流体介质的压缩和稀薄形式从声源传播，通过传播和粘性损失而衰减。更高的频率更容易被环境中的物体折射和反射，导致信号结构退化。在露天或水中，声音以球状传播，并按平方反比定律衰减。如果声音被限制在二维而不是三维，它的衰减与范围相反，而杆内的波衰减主要是由于粘性损失；这样的叫声通常是相当简单的脉冲，由于环境中的多个路径长度或不同的传播速度，依赖于初始到达时间。由于叫声成功和繁殖成功之间的关系，鸣虫面临着选择压力，以优化它们的叫声的范围，并保持其特异性。体型较小的昆虫肌肉能量较小；因为它们的声源较小，高频比低频辐射更有效，但为了从长时间的肌肉收缩中产生短暂的响亮脉冲，它们可能会同时使用倍频机制和机械功率放大器。空气中昆虫的声音在1-5千赫的范围内往往具有持续的纯音成分和特定的脉冲模式，这些脉冲可以准确地传播。在歌声频率较高的地方，脉冲往往变得更短，快速的初始积累通过受阻的传输路径提供可靠的起效时间。这些尺度效应可能与发声机制和接收器的听觉系统有关。细长的昆虫有一个特殊的声学问题，即只用少量可用的能量进行交流。有些，如果蝇，通过产生气流以低频、近距离的方式进行交流；这些气流也可能被用来飘出特定的信息素。其他小昆虫，如半翅目、甲虫等，使用底物振动进行交流。这使远程通信成为可能，但信号结构会随着距离震源的距离而降低；振动信号往往局限于某些类型的线性基质，如植被。
For optimal transfer of power to the surrounding medium, a sound source should have a radius of 1/6 to 1/4 of the sound wavelength. Sound-waves propagate from the source as compressions and rarefactions of the fluid medium, which decay by spreading and viscous losses. Higher frequencies are more easily refracted and reflected by objects in the environment, causing degradation of signal structure. In open air or water, the sound spreads spherically and decays by the inverse square law If the sound is restricted to two dimensions rather than three, it decays as the inverse of range, whereas waves within a rod decay largely due to viscous losses; such calls are usually rather simple pulses and rely on the initial time of arrival because of multiple pathlengths or different propagation velocities in the environment.Because of the relationship between calling success and reproductive success, singing insects are under selective pressure to optimize the range, and to maintain the specificity, of their calls. Smaller insects have less muscle power; because of their small sound sources, higher frequencies will be radiated more efficiently than lower frequencies, but in order to produce brief loud pulses from a long-duration muscle contraction they may use both a frequency multiplier mechanism and a mechanical power amplifier. Airborne insect sounds in the range from 1-5 kHz tend to have sustained pure tone components and a specific pattern of pulses which propagate accurately. Where the song frequency is higher, the pulses tend to become briefer, with a rapid initial build-up that gives a reliable time of onset through obstructed transmission pathways. These scale effects may be related both to the sound-producing mechanism and the auditory system of the receiver.Tiny insects have the special acoustic problem of communicating with only a small amount of available power. Some, such as fruit flies, communicate at low frequencies, at close range, by generating air currents; these currents may also be used to waft specific pheromones. Other small insects, such as Hemiptera, beetles, etc., communicate using substrate vibration. This enables long-range communication, but signal structure degrades with distance from the source; vibration signals tend to be confined to certain types of linear substrate, such as vegetation.