Accuracy of the National Adult Reading Test and Spot the Word Estimates of Premorbid Intelligence in a non-clinical New Zealand sample
Accuracy of the National Adult Reading Test and Spot the Word Estimates of Premorbid Intelligence in a non-clinical New Zealand sample
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全国成人阅读测试的准确性以及在新西兰非临床样本中发现病前智力的单词估计
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发表时间：
2008
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通讯作者：
A. Willetts
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作者：
S. Barker;Hamish Bartle;Annabel Clarke;A. Toledo;Helen Vykopal;A. Willetts
本研究调查了89名健康新西兰成年人的全国成人阅读测试（NART）和发现单词（STW）与韦氏成人智力量表（第3版艾德; WAIS-III）的发病前估计值。STW和NART全量表智力（FSIQ）估计值与欧洲人的WAIS-III FSIQ密切相关（n=75; rNART = .70，p * 病前智力的估计是神经心理学评估的一个重要方面，发病前的功能水平和当前的表现水平之间的对比形成了关于功能保留区与功能受损区的判断的基础（Baddeley，Emslie，& Nimmo-Smith，1993; Klesges & Troster，1987; Lezak，Howieson，& Loring，2004; Vanderploeg & Schinka，1995; Watt & O 'Carroll，1999）。由于人们在疾病/损伤发作之前通常不被评估，因此不能与病前功能进行直接比较，并且需要对病前能力进行间接估计（Bright，Jaldow & Kopelman.，2002年;哈特，史密斯和Swash，1986年; Klesges和Troster，1987年; O 'Carroll，1995年; Petito，2000年）。预测方法必须提供与正常人群的实际功能（通常以智力[IQ]测量）高度相关的估计，并且还必须对认知功能的下降具有弹性（Schoenberg，Scott，Duff，&亚当斯，2002; Sharpe & O 'Carroll，1991）。这样的方法包括基于人口统计学的回归方程，以及使用被认为对脑损伤有弹性的过度学习技能的测试（Lezak等人，2004年）。在新西兰，估计发病前智力的回归公式尚未获得。在临床实践中，通常使用关于整体能力的定性信息结合过度学习技能的测试（如全国成人阅读测试（NART）和单词识别（STW））来判断病前功能水平。因此，下面将对围绕这些问题的文献进行简要回顾。NART和STW NART（纳尔逊& Willison，1991）是最常用的病前估计方法之一。它由50个拼写不规则的单词组成，要求考生正确发音，作为阅读能力的衡量标准（柯林斯，2000年;克劳福德，帕克，斯图尔特，贝松和德莱西，1989年;哈特等人，1986年;纳尔逊和麦肯纳，1975年;夏普和O '卡罗尔，1991年）。阅读能力是预测整体功能的一种潜在有用的方法，因为它需要认知功能的复杂互动，包括不规则单词，以确保它测试特定单词的熟悉程度，而不是语音单词的能力（柯林斯，2000;纳尔逊和奥康奈尔，1978）。已经开发了一个回归方程来预测NART的发病前智商（纳尔逊& McKenna，1975），并且是比WAIS-R词汇子测验更好的预测发病前功能的回归方程（柯林斯，2000; Petito，2000）。在一项回顾性研究中，NART对77岁人群的智商评估与他们11岁时的智商得分显著相关，表明年龄和生活经历对NART评估的影响很小（Crawford，Deary，Starr，&沃利，2001）。NART也随着时间的推移保持高度稳定（莫里森，Sharkey，Allardyce，Kelly & McCreadie，2000; Smith，Roberts，Brewer，& Pantelis，1998），据报道，NART是闭合性脑损伤和骨科创伤患者发病前1 Q的有效预测因子（Watt & O 'Carroll，1999）。…
This study investigated National Adult Reading Test (NART) and Spot the Word (STW) premorbid estimates compared to Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (3rd ed; WAIS-III) performances in 89 healthy New Zealand adults. STW and NART Full Scale Intelligence (FSIQ) estimates were strongly correlated to WAIS-III FSIQ for Europeans (n=75; rNART = .70, p ********** Estimates of premorbid intelligence are an essential aspect of neuropsychological assessment, with the contrast between premorbid level of functioning and current level of performance forming the basis of judgements about areas of preserved versus impaired functioning (Baddeley, Emslie, & Nimmo-Smith, 1993; Klesges & Troster, 1987; Lezak, Howieson, & Loring, 2004; Vanderploeg & Schinka, 1995; Watt & O'Carroll, 1999). As people are not often assessed prior to disease/injury onset, no direct comparison to premorbid functioning can be made, and indirect estimations of premorbid abilities are required (Bright, Jaldow & Kopelman., 2002; Hart, Smith, & Swash, 1986; Klesges & Troster, 1987; O'Carroll, 1995; Petito, 2000). Predictive methods must provide estimations that correlate highly with actual functioning (typically measured as intelligence [IQ]) in normal populations and must also be resilient to decline in cognitive function (Schoenberg, Scott, Duff, & Adams, 2002; Sharpe & O'Carroll, 1991). Such methods include demographic based regression equations, and use of tests of overlearned skills thought to be resilient to brain damage (Lezak, et al., 2004). In New Zealand, regression formulae to estimate premorbid intelligence are, as yet, unavailable. In clinical practice, judgements about premorbid level of functioning are often made using qualitative information about overall ability in conjunction with tests of overlearned skills such as the National Adult Reading Test (NART) and Spot the Word (STW). As such, the literature around these will each be reviewed briefly below. The NART and STW The NART (Nelson & Willison, 1991) is one of the most commonly used premorbid estimation methods. It consists of 50 irregularly spelled words that examinees are asked to pronounce correctly, as a measure of reading ability (Collins, 2000; Crawford, Parker, Stewart, Besson, & De Lacey, 1989; Hart et al., 1986; Nelson & McKenna, 1975; Sharpe & O'Carroll, 1991). Reading ability is a potentially useful method of predicting overall functioning as it requires a complex interaction of cognitive functioning, with inclusion of irregular words ensuring that it tests familiarity of a particular word rather than the ability to work out words phonetically (Collins, 2000; Nelson & O'Connell, 1978). A regression equation to predict premorbid IQ from the NART has been developed (Nelson & McKenna, 1975), and is a better predictor of premorbid functioning than the WAIS-R Vocabulary subtest (Collins, 2000; Petito, 2000). In a retrospective study, NART IQ estimates in people aged 77 years correlated significantly with IQ scores obtained from them at age 11 years, indicating only minimal effects of age and life experience on NART estimates (Crawford, Deary, Starr, & Whalley, 2001). The NART also remains highly stable over time (Morrison, Sharkey, Allardyce, Kelly & McCreadie, 2000; Smith, Roberts, Brewer, & Pantelis, 1998), and has been reported to be an effective predictor of premorbid 1Q in closed head injury and orthopaedic trauma patients (Watt & O'Carroll, 1999). …