Rebuilding pastoral social-ecological resilience on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in response to changes in policy, economics, and climate
Rebuilding pastoral social-ecological resilience on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in response to changes in policy, economics, and climate
复制标题
应对政策、经济和气候变化，重建青藏高原牧区社会生态恢复力
DOI：
10.5751/es-10096-230221
复制
发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Li WenJun
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gongbuzeren;Huntsinger Lynn;Li WenJun
经济、政策和气候变化深刻影响着青藏高原牧区社会生态系统。据信，气候变化导致雪灾和干旱等极端天气状况增加，给牧民增加收入所必须的牧场资源带来压力。以市场为基础的经济改革和相关的发展政策，如牧场家庭承包政策、生态建设项目和牧民定居倡议，通过促进旅游业、扩大牲畜市场和牧场资源的营销机会，使牧区进一步融入现代市场。虽然将共同牧场分配给家庭是当前牧场管理战略实现这些目标的基础，但它从青藏高原传统牧场管理组合中删除了应对牧场饲料生产高度可变性的重要技术。这些措施包括共同承担风险，共同劳动，季节性和年度畜群流动，以及获得牧场和多种水源的不同区域。2011年至2014年对青海省贵南县和四川省若尔盖县两个村庄的实地研究发现，那些村庄通过创新的、适应当地的基于配额的放牧管理系统来应对外部驱动的政策、经济和气候变化，该系统保留了宝贵的管理技术，保护了牧场资源，并为个人提供了获得经济收益的机会。通过这种方式，村庄的社会生态系统表现出了相当大的复原力，保持了一种社区治理形式，其功能是管理牧场，改善牲畜生产力所显示的福祉，并根据当地的看法，保持牧场的状况。那些村庄设计的基于社区的放牧配额制度在资源使用的共同模式和个别模式之间占据了一个中间地带，因为它更侧重于如何公平地分配牧场的服务和公用事业，而不是如何分配牧场。
Economic, policy, and climate changes have profoundly influenced pastoral social-ecological systems on the Tibetan Plateau. Climate change is believed to be leading to increasing extreme weather conditions such as snow disasters and droughts, putting a strain on the rangeland resources herders must have to increase income. Market-based economic reforms and interrelated development policies such as the Rangeland Household Contract Policy, the Ecological Construction Project, and herder settlement Initiatives have increased integration of pastoral regions into modern markets with promotion of tourism, expanded livestock markets, and marketing opportunities for rangeland resources. Although allocating common rangelands to households is the foundation of current rangeland management strategies to achieve these goals, it removes important technologies for coping with high variability in rangeland forage production from the traditional rangeland management portfolio on the Tibetan Plateau. These include shared risk, shared labor, seasonal and yearly herd mobility, and access to diverse areas of rangelands and multiple water sources. Field study of two villages in Guinan County of Qinghai Province, and Ruoergai County of Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2014 found that the villages responded to externally driven policy, economic, and climate changes with an innovative locally adapted quota-based grazing management system that preserves valuable management technologies, conserves rangeland resources, and provides individual opportunities for financial gain. In this way the village social-ecological system has exhibited considerable resiliency, maintaining a form of community governance that functions to manage the rangelands, improve well-being as indicated by livestock productivity, and, according to local perceptions, maintain rangeland condition. The community-based grazing quota system devised by the villages occupies a middle ground between common and individual models for resource use because it focuses more on how to equitably distribute services and utilities from rangelands, instead of how to distribute rangelands.