An examination of synchrony between insect emergence and flowering in Rocky Mountain meadows
An examination of synchrony between insect emergence and flowering in Rocky Mountain meadows
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DOI：
10.1890/10-1885.1
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发表时间：
2011-08-01
影响因子：
6.1
通讯作者：
Thomson, James D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Forrest, Jessica R. K.;Thomson, James D.
气候变化的一个可能影响是，由于物种特有的物候变化，相互作用的生物的季节性时间不匹配。尽管人们担心植物和传粉者可能会面临这种脱钩的风险，但很少有人尝试使用同一地点昆虫出现和开花的详细物候数据来验证这一假设。特别是，有几个数据集授粉飞行季节，是独立的开花物候，因为传粉者通常收集在花。为了解决这个问题，我们建立了标准化的筑巢栖息地（陷阱巢），为孤独的蜜蜂和黄蜂在网站沿着在落基山脉的海拔梯度，并监测出现在三个生长季节。我们还记录了每个地点的气温和开花物候。使用相互移植实验筑巢蜜蜂，我们证实，当地的环境条件是出现物候的主要决定因素。然后，我们能够开发物候模型来描述传粉者出现或开花的时间，在所有的网站和年，作为累积度日的函数。虽然植物和昆虫的物候是很好地描述了热模型，昆虫的最佳模型建议一般较高的阈值温度比植物所需的发展或滞育终止。此外，大多数物种，植物和昆虫，度日的要求，较低的冬季较长的位置，表明无论是寒冷或春化的要求，更完全满足在较冷的网站，或一个关键的光周期之前，度日积累并不有助于发展。总的来说，这些结果表明，植物和陷阱筑巢蜜蜂和黄蜂的物候是由温度以类似的方式调节，但植物比昆虫更有可能提前物候响应春季变暖。我们讨论了这些结果对植物和传粉者的影响，并建议，物候脱钩本身是不太可能威胁到人口的持久性，在我们的研究领域的大多数物种。
One possible effect of climate change is the generation of a mismatch in the seasonal timing of interacting organisms, owing to species-specific shifts in phenology. Despite concerns that plants and pollinators might be at risk of such decoupling, there have been few attempts to test this hypothesis using detailed phenological data on insect emergence and flowering at the same localities. In particular, there are few data sets on pollinator flight seasons that are independent of flowering phenology, because pollinators are typically collected at flowers. To address this problem, we established standardized nesting habitat (trap nests) for solitary bees and wasps at sites along an elevational gradient in the Rocky Mountains, and monitored emergence during three growing seasons. We also recorded air temperatures and flowering phenology at each site. Using a reciprocal transplant experiment with nesting bees, we confirmed that local environmental conditions are the primary determinants of emergence phenology. We were then able to develop phenology models to describe timing of pollinator emergence or flowering, across all sites and years, as a function of accumulated degree-days. Although phenology of both plants and insects is well described by thermal models, the best models for insects suggest generally higher threshold temperatures for development or diapause termination than those required for plants. In addition, degree-day requirements for most species, both plants and insects, were lower in locations with longer winters, indicating either a chilling or vernalization requirement that is more completely fulfilled at colder sites, or a critical photoperiod before which degree-day accumulation does not contribute to development. Overall, these results suggest that phenology of plants and trap-nesting bees and wasps is regulated in similar ways by temperature, but that plants are more likely than insects to advance phenology in response to springtime warming. We discuss the implications of these results for plants and pollinators, and suggest that phenological decoupling alone is unlikely to threaten population persistence for most species in our study area.