NESTING BIOLOGY OF TROPICAL SOLITARY AND SOCIAL SWEAT BEES, LASIOGLOSSUM-(DIALICTUS)-FIGUERESI WCISLO AND L-(D)-AENEIVENTRE (FRIESE) (HYMENOPTERA, HALICTIDAE)
NESTING BIOLOGY OF TROPICAL SOLITARY AND SOCIAL SWEAT BEES, LASIOGLOSSUM-(DIALICTUS)-FIGUERESI WCISLO AND L-(D)-AENEIVENTRE (FRIESE) (HYMENOPTERA, HALICTIDAE)
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DOI：
10.1007/bf01338830
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发表时间：
1993-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
OROZCO, E
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
WCISLO, WT;WILLE, A;OROZCO, E
将主要独居蜜蜂 Lasioglossum (Dialictus) figueresi 的筑巢生物学与可能的亲戚且主要是真社会性蜜蜂 L. (D.) aeneiventre 的筑巢生物学进行了比较。这些蜜蜂在哥斯达黎加梅塞塔中部高度受干扰地区的地下筑巢。提供了有关社会组织、雄性生产、昼夜和季节性活动模式、花粉利用、天敌和巢结构的信息。 (D.)figueresi 在垂直土堤中的聚集体中筑巢，80 - 90% 的雌性在筑巢阶段是单独的。社会巢穴包含两只（或很少是三只）雌性，它们的生殖状态可能相同或不平等（即与发育的卵巢交配或不交配）。单独的巢和两个雌性的巢的寄生率没有不同。旱季中期，当其他 L. (Dialictus) 仍然活跃时，雌性会停止供给食物。雌性通常留在巢穴中，尽管它们偶尔会寻找花蜜。这种行为与温带真社会性物种的“春季雌性”的行为相似。然而，对于 halictine 蜜蜂来说，L. (D.)figueresi 的卵到成虫的发育速度异常缓慢，因此所有成年雌性在 4 月和 5 月产卵之前就死亡了，从而排除了世代重叠的可能性。封闭的后代一直留在其出生巢内的开放式细胞中，直到六月中旬，此时雄性和雌性都会出现交配。这些新交配的雌性要么建立新巢，要么重复使用旧巢。 (D.) aeneiventre 在水平地面或垂直河岸的聚集体中筑巢。一只雌性筑巢鸟会在旱季开始时挖一个巢，尽管有些会重新激活旧巢。筑巢者的巢穴发展成为具有各种社会组织的群体。与 L. (D.)figueresi 不同，L. (D.) aeneiventre 几乎全年活跃，除了大雨期间外，每年最多产三窝。 汗蜂（膜翅目：Halictinae）是一个社会异质性群体，主要是在地面筑巢的蜜蜂，在世界范围内大量存在。社会行为的特定内变异在群体内部和群体之间都很普遍，这可能表明行为改变的社会和环境控制（参见例如Sakagami和Munakata，1972年；Eickwort，1986年；Packer，1990年；Yanega，1988年；Michener，1990年综述）。膜翅目社会进化的初始阶段以独居个体和未分化社会中的个体为代表，但它们的生物学特性并不为人所知，对于众多的热带 halictine 物种或种群来说也是如此（参见 Michener，1990）。 Lasioglossum 的 Dialictus 亚属是一个主要的新大陆群体，有数百个物种（Moure 和 Hurd，1987）。这些蜜蜂在结构和外观上单调相似，但社会行为却多种多样。雌性 Lasioglossum (Dialictus) figueresi 通常是独居的，在结构上与其社会亲戚 L. (D.) aeneiventre 非常相似 (Wcislo, 1990a)。这些物种相对于其他 L. (Dialictus) 的系统定位尚不确定，但它们与其他公认的物种组没有明显的亲缘关系 (G. C. Eickwort, pers. comm.)。不寻常的形态特征，例如大尺寸、淡黄色翅膀和柔毛以及生殖器官的特征，可能表明 L. (D.)figueresi 是这对蜜蜂中较为衍生的，因此可能是次要独居的，正如其他汗蜂所知道的那样 (Packer, 1991)。
The nesting biology of a mainly solitary bee, Lasioglossum (Dialictus) figueresi, is compared with that of a possible relative and mainly eusocial bee, L. (D.) aeneiventre. These bees nest in the ground in highly disturbed areas in the Meseta Central of Costa Rica. Information is provided on social organization, male production, diel and seasonal activity patterns, pollen utilization, natural enemies and nest architecture.L. (D.)figueresi nests within aggregations in vertical earthen ban ks, and 80 - 90 % of females are solitary during the nest-provisioning phase. Social nests contain two (or rarely three) females which may be either equal or unequal in reproductive status (i.e. mated with developed ovaries or not). Solitary nests and two-female nests do not experience different rates of parasitism. Mid-way through the dry season, females cease provisioning at a time when other L. (Dialictus) remain active. Females typically remain within their nests, although they occasionally forage for nectar. This behavior is similar of that of ''spring gynes'' of temperate eusocial species. The egg-to-adult developmental rate of L. (D.)figueresi is unusually slow for halictine bees, however, so that all the adult females die before their brood eclose in April and May, precluding overlap of generations. The eclosed offspring remain in open cells within their natal nests until mid-June, when both males and females emerge to mate. These newly mated females either establish new nests or re-use old ones.L. (D.) aeneiventre nests within aggregations in horizontal ground or in vertical banks. A foundress female digs a nest at the beginning of the dry season, although some re-activate old nests. Foundress nests develop into colonies with various kinds of social organization. In contrast to L. (D.)figueresi, L. (D.) aeneiventre is active nearly all year round, except during periods of heavy rain, and produces up to three broods per year.Sweat bees (Hymenoptera: Halictinae) are a socially heterogeneous group of mainly ground-nesting bees which are abundant world-wide. Intra-specific variation in social behavior is prevalent both within and among populations, presumably indicating social and environmental control of behavioral modifications (see e.g. Sakagami and Munakata, 1972; Eickwort, 1986; Packer, 1990; Yanega, 1988; reviewed in Michener, 1990). The initial stages of hymenopteran social evolution are represented by solitary individuals and those in undifferentiated societies, yet their biology is not well known, as is true for the numerous tropical halictine species or populations (see Michener, 1990).The subgenus Dialictus of Lasioglossum is a primarily New World group of several hundred species (Moure and Hurd, 1987). These bees are monotonously similar in structure and appearance, yet diverse in social behavior. Female Lasioglossum (Dialictus) figueresi are usually solitary, and structurally are very similar to their social relative L. (D.) aeneiventre (Wcislo, 1990a). The systematic placement of these species with respect to other L. (Dialictus) is uncertain, but they have no obvious affinities to other recognized species groups (G. C. Eickwort, pers. comm.). Unusual morphological features, such as large size, yellowish wings and pubescence, and features of the genital organs, may indicate that L. (D.)figueresi is the more derived of the pair, and may therefore be secondarily solitary, as is known for other sweat bees (Packer, 1991).