Antimicrobial Resistance Expressed by Neisseria gonorrhoeae: A Major Global Public Health Problem in the 21st Century.
Antimicrobial Resistance Expressed by Neisseria gonorrhoeae: A Major Global Public Health Problem in the 21st Century.
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DOI：
10.1128/microbiolspec.ei10-0009-2015
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发表时间：
2016-06
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Shafer WM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Unemo M;Del Rio C;Shafer WM
The sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea is a very old malady that can be traced to ancient Chinese, Egyptian, Roman, and Greek literature as well as in the Old Testament of the Bible (Leviticus 15:1–3).Neisseria gonorrhoeae(gonococcus), the obligate human pathogen and etiological agent of gonorrhea, is primarily transmitted from an infected individual by direct human‐to‐human contact between the mucosal membranes of the urogenital tract, anal canal, and the oropharynx, usually during sexual activities. Neonates can be infected during passage through the birth canal if the mother has urogenital gonorrhea. After transmission, N. gonorrhoeae causes urethritis in males and cervicitis in females. Relatively few males (≤10%) but a large proportion of females (≥50%) can have an asymptomatic urogenital infection. Rectal and pharyngeal gonorrhea is commonly asymptomatic in both genders. These infections are most frequently identified in men who have sex with men (MSM), but dependent on sexual practice, they can be encountered in both genders in many settings. Urogenital infections, if untreated, might ascend to the upper genital tract and result in severe reproductive complications (mostly, but not only, in females), such as pelvic inflammatory disease in women and epididymitis (rare) in men, that can result in infertility or, for women, even loss of life through ectopic pregnancy. Gonococcal infections also facilitate the transmission and acquisition of HIV (1 – 4).N. gonorrhoeaemay also cause conjunctivitis, mostly in neonates (ophthalmia neonatorum) infected by their mothers during delivery but also in adults. Conjunctivitis may, if untreated, result in blindness. Disseminated gonococcal infection is an uncommon complication of gonococcal infection; although it is rare, this can lead to, for example, arthritis, meningitis, and endocarditis (1 , 2 , 5 , 6).
