Offshore Geological Storage of Hydrogen: Is This Our Best Option to Achieve Net-Zero?
Offshore Geological Storage of Hydrogen: Is This Our Best Option to Achieve Net-Zero?
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DOI：
10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00845
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发表时间：
2021-05-17
影响因子：
22
通讯作者：
Haszeldine, R. Stuart
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Hassanpouryouzband, Aliakbar;Joonaki, Edris;Haszeldine, R. Stuart
2015年的《巴黎协定》启动了减少二氧化碳排放的全球承诺和努力，通过将全球平均气温的增幅限制在比工业化前水平高出2摄氏度以下，以降低气候变化的风险和影响，目标是在世纪后半叶达到1.5摄氏度，并实现净零排放。1尽管地球仪实施了1260多项气候法案2，20多个国家采用了净零目标，显著提高了能源效率，并对低碳能源生产进行了有意义的投资，但大气中的二氧化碳浓度仍在继续上升。因此，现在人们普遍认为，任何避免气候变化影响的有效对策都需要多种大规模解决方案，3包括但不限于新的低碳能源生产和储存。特别令人感兴趣的是太阳能和风能，这两种能源都是容易获得和广泛获得的;在地球上捕获1小时的太阳辐射能量就足以满足全球每年的能源需求。然而，这种可再生能源的固有可变性和间歇性（例如，风力强度，方向和可用日照时间的波动）意味着它们独立于需求，因此需要存储以提供可靠的可再生能源供应。这给储能解决方案的必要性带来了越来越大的压力，以满足不断增长的人口需求。氢是利用可再生能源电解生产的，或者是通过碳氢化合物重整改造并进行碳捕获和储存而生产的，4已成为低碳能源载体，可在家庭供暖和发电中取代天然气，使运输脱碳，通过作为能源储存来平衡供需，促进可再生能源发电的增加，并提供可持续的能源储存。5，6作为一种能源载体，即使是使用传统方法从化石燃料生产的氢也可以有效地将碳排放源从用户转移到发电厂，促进碳捕获过程。氢的能量密度为141.86 MJ· kg− 1，燃烧时无排放，是所有氢基燃料中能量密度最高的燃料;因此，碳氢化合物燃料中的氢碳比决定了其能量密度。
The 2015 Paris Agreement initiated a global commitment and effort to reduce CO2 emissions to lower the risks and impacts of climate change by limiting the increase in global average temperatures to well below 2 C above pre-industrialized levels, aiming for 1.5 C and to reach net-zero emissions in the second half of the century. 1 Despite over 1260 Climate Acts 2 in place across the globe, over 20 countries adopting net-zero targets, significant energy efficiency improvements, and meaningful investments in low-carbon energy production, atmospheric CO2 concentration continues to rise. As such, it is now widely agreed that any effective response for avoiding the effects of climate change will require multiple large-scale solutions, 3 including but not limited to new low-carbon energy production and storage. Of particular interest are solar and wind energy, both readily and extensively available; capturing 1 h of the solar radiation energy on the Earth would be sufficient to meet the annual global energy demand. However, the inherently variable and intermittent nature of such renewable energy sources (eg, fluctuations in wind strength, direction, and available sunlight hours) means that they are independent of demand and, as such, will require storage to provide a reliable, renewable energy supply. This puts increasing pressure on the necessity for energy storage solutions to meet the demand from the ever-growing human population. Hydrogen, produced from electrolysis using renewable energy or by hydrocarbon reformation retrofitted with carbon capture and storage, 4 has emerged as a low-carbon energy carrier that could replace natural gas in domestic heating and power generation, decarbonize transport, facilitate increased renewable energy power generation by acting as an energy store to balance supply and demand, and provide sustainable energy storage. 5, 6 As an energy carrier, even hydrogen produced from fossil fuels using conventional methods can usefully transfer the source of carbon emission from users to power plants, facilitating the carbon capture process. Hydrogen, with 141.86 MJ· kg− 1 energy density, undergoes emission-free combustion and has the highest possible energy density of any hydrogen-based fuel; therefore, the hydrogen-to-carbon ratio in hydrocarbon fuels defines their energy density.