Origin and fate of industrial ammonium in anoxic ground water -: 15N evidence for anaerobic oxidation (anammox)
Origin and fate of industrial ammonium in anoxic ground water -: 15N evidence for anaerobic oxidation (anammox)
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1745-6592.2008.00206.x
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发表时间：
2008-06-01
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
Wickens, Kevin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Clark, Ian;Timlin, Robert;Wickens, Kevin
来自挥发性有机化合物污染的城市含水层的泵送和处理流出物中的高铵浓度源自两个工业来源：位于补给区的化肥公司（FC）混合作业的排水渗透（NH 4+为百万分之500至700 [ppm] N，NO3-为百万分之150至300 [ppm] N），以及邻近化学公司（CC）维护的废水处理池的泄漏（50至70 ppm N的NH 4+，无NO3-）。地球化学和同位素数据被用来追踪的机制，在源区和城市地下水处理威尔斯井（NH 4 + < 10 ppm N）之间观察到的强烈衰减。保守混合计算表明，相对于K+和Cl-，NH 4+和NO3-沿着流路损失。这些缺氧地下水中NH 4+的反应性损失归因于厌氧氨氧化细菌的厌氧氧化。导致这一结论的证据包括：（1）在缺氧条件下沿着流路NH 4+和NO 3-的损失：（2）Δ N-15（NH 4）和Δ N-15（NO 3）的逐渐富集，表明铵和硝酸盐的反应性损失;（3）δ N-15（NO_3）值大于共存的δ N-15（NH_4）值，这阻止了NH_4 ~+通过硝化作用损失为NO_3 ~-;（4）随着Δ N-15（NH 4）值的增加，显著的N-2超压。厌氧氨氧化菌的厌氧氨氧化以硝酸盐为电子供体：3 NO（3）（-）+5 NH（4）（+）-> 4 N（2）+9 H（2）O +2 H（+）。最近发现的厌氧氨氧化反应比反硝化反应在能量上更有利，并且现在被认为在全球氮循环中起主要作用。它已在废水生物反应器和海水中观察到，但以前在地下水中没有观察到。
Elevated ammonium concentrations in pump-and-treat effluent from a volatile organic compounds-contaminated municipal aquifer originate from two industrial sources: infiltration of drainage from the blending operations of a fertilizer company (FC) located in the recharge area (NH4+ of 500 to 700 parts per million [ppm] N and NO3- of 150 to 300 ppm N) and leakage from waste water treatment ponds maintained by an adjacent chemical company (CC) (NH4+ of 50 to 70 ppm N, with no NO3-). Geochemical and isotope data are used to trace the mechanisms for the strong attenuation observed between the source areas and the municipal ground water treatment wells (NH4+ < 10 ppm N). Conservative mixing calculations demonstrate a loss of NH4+ and NO3- along the flowpath relative to K+ and Cl-. Reactive loss of NH4+ in these anoxic ground water is attributed to anaerobic oxidation by anammox bacteria. Lines of evidence leading to this conclusion include (1) loss of both NH4+ and NO3- under anoxic conditions along the flowpath; (2) a progressive enrichment of delta N-15(NH4) and delta N-15(NO3), indicating reactive loss of ammonium and nitrate; (3) delta N-15(NO3) values greater than coexisting delta N-15(NH4), which precludes NH4+ loss by nitrification to NO3-; and (4) significant N-2 overpressuring with increasing delta N-15(NH4) values. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation by anammox bacteria uses nitrate as the electron donor: 3NO(3)(-) + 5NH(4)(+) -> 4N(2) + 9H(2)O + 2H(+). The recently discovered anammox reaction is more energetically favorable than denitrification and is now considered to play a major role in the global nitrogen cycle. It has been observed in waste water bioreactors and sea water but not previously in ground water.