Association Between Quality of Cheap and Unrecorded Alcohol Products and Public Health Consequences in Poland
Association Between Quality of Cheap and Unrecorded Alcohol Products and Public Health Consequences in Poland
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01013.x
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发表时间：
2009-10-01
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Zatonski, Witold
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Lachenmeier, Dirk W.;Ganss, Sebastian;Zatonski, Witold
背景：本研究旨在研究波兰廉价酒精产品的质量。其中包括未记录的酒精（即国内生产或非法进口），估计占总消费量的25%以上，以及果酒。方法：从当地市场抽取52份酒类样品，进行化学分析。研究的参数包括酒精强度、挥发物（甲醇、乙醛和高级醇）、氨基甲酸乙酯、无机元素和食品添加剂（包括防腐剂、色素和甜味剂）。然后使用国际标准对饮料的成分进行毒理学评估。结果：除1种强化酒外，未记录的酒均为国产果酿烈酒（私酿）和进口烈酒。我们没有检测到任何非饮料的替代酒精。未记录的烈酒平均含有45%的酒精。然而，发现一些酒精浓度相当高的产品（高达85% vol）没有在瓶子上标明含量。这些产品可能比商业饮料造成更明显的有害健康影响（例如，肝硬化、损伤、某些形式的恶性肿瘤、酒精使用障碍和心血管疾病），特别是当消费者可能不知道所消费的酒精含量时。酒精含量在9.5至12.2%之间的果酒在添加剂含量和标签（如亚硫酸盐、山梨酸、糖精和人工色素）方面存在问题，应受到更严格的控制。至于所调查的其他成分，发现可疑的人类致癌物乙醛和氨基甲酸乙酯的水平与公共卫生问题有关。虽然乙醛是发酵饮料的典型成分，但氨基甲酸乙酯仅在国内生产的未记录的从核果中提取的酒精中被发现，其含量明显高于国际标准。结论：应在包括合法酒精饮料在内的更大样本中分析未记录的氨基甲酸乙酯类酒精污染。此外，应详细研究未记录的酒精对社会经济地位较低的人的健康的影响。总体而言，鉴于波兰由酒精引起的疾病负担的严重程度，应最优先考虑乙醇问题及其在未记录的酒精产品中的极高含量。
Background:The research aimed to study the quality of cheap alcohol products in Poland. These included unrecorded alcohols (i.e., home-produced or illegally imported), estimated to constitute more than 25% of total consumption and fruit wines.Methods:A sample of alcohol products (n = 52) was collected from local markets and chemical analyses were conducted. The parameters studied were alcoholic strength, volatiles (methanol, acetaldehyde, and higher alcohols), ethyl carbamate, inorganic elements, and food additives including preservatives, colors, and sweeteners. The compositions of the beverages were then toxicologically evaluated using international standards.Results:With the exception of 1 fortified wine, the unrecorded alcohols were home-produced fruit-derived spirits (moonshine) and spirits imported from other countries. We did not detect any nonbeverage surrogate alcohol. The unrecorded spirits contained, on average, 45% vol of alcohol. However, some products with considerably higher alcoholic strengths were found (up to 85% vol) with no labeling of the content on the bottles. These products may cause more pronounced detrimental health effects (e.g., liver cirrhosis, injuries, some forms of malignant neoplasms, alcohol use disorders, and cardiovascular disease) than will commercial beverages, especially as the consumer may be unaware of the alcohol content consumed. Fruit wines containing between 9.5 and 12.2% vol alcohol showed problems in terms of their additive content and their labeling (e.g., sulfites, sorbic acid, saccharin, and artificial colors) and should be subjected to stricter control.Regarding the other components investigated, the suspected human carcinogens, acetaldehyde and ethyl carbamate, were found at levels relevant to public health concerns. While acetaldehyde is a typical constituent of fermented beverages, ethyl carbamate was found only in home-produced unrecorded alcohols derived from stone fruits with levels significantly above international guidelines.Conclusions:The contamination of unrecorded alcohols with ethyl carbamate should be analyzed in a larger sample that also should include legal alcoholic beverages. Furthermore, the impacts of unrecorded alcohol on the health of people with lower socioeconomic status should be studied in detail. Overall, given the extent of the alcohol-attributable disease burden in Poland, the highest priority should be given to the problem of ethanol and its very high content in unrecorded alcohol products.