THE INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE OF WALKING IN THE LOCUST - AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE COMMAND CONCEPT
THE INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE OF WALKING IN THE LOCUST - AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE COMMAND CONCEPT
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DOI：
10.1098/rspb.1983.0065
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发表时间：
1983-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
KIEN, J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
KIEN, J
成年血吸虫被拴在一个聚苯乙烯泡沫球上行走。两个颈部连接都被切断的动物仍然可以行走。启动行走不需要来自头部神经节的下行纤维。脑和食管下神经节（s.g.）在行走中，使用细胞外微刺激进行检查。脉冲持续0.1ms被递送到单纤维颈部或食管周围（co）。连接词计算的电流扩展的第一近似最大面积是直径为1.5 μ m的球体。双记录实验表明，通常刺激1-3根，最多7根。不同电极位置诱发行走、跳跃、挣扎或梳理动作。在每个位置的效果是可重复的，而一些行为是可重复的动物之间。后者被分组（由同一个“轨迹”引起）。在7个位点，被称为亚常规位点，只有特定的运动引起的休息的动物。当动物活跃时，这些动作被纳入正在进行的行为中。诱发行走的位点（73个）来自163个刺激位置。两药隔共有10个位点，其中37个位点仅见于同药隔，26个位点仅见于颈药隔。在大多数颈部连接的位置，需要几个这样的火车连续刺激，以唤起行走。增加刺激频率超过最佳产生异常运动或挣扎。没有证据表明诱发的行为依赖于刺激频率。73个位点诱发不同类型的行走或转弯。腿部运动的参数，协调和双方之间的耦合（如在转弯），甚至是当地模式发生器的相位，可以通过头部神经节的影响来确定。在每个位点处的刺激的有效性取决于刺激时的行为背景，例如，如果动物已经在行走或以其他方式活动，则大多数位点在唤起它们的行走类型方面是无效的。它们可能会抑制其他行为。损伤与微刺激相结合的实验表明，大脑和s.g.有助于建议启动和确定步行的类型，并混合来自大脑和s.g.将其分成两半，并将其分配到身体的两侧。行走通常可能是由许多纤维一致行动发起的，将它们对特定行走类型的建议发送到本地模式生成器，使系统能够将行走输出与各种各样的输入相匹配，从而提供任何旨在解释这种巨大适应性行为的模型所需的灵活性。
Adult Schistocerca were tethered and allowed to walk on a styrofoam ball. Animals with both neck connectives cut could still walk. No descending fibers from the head ganglia are necessary to initiate walking. The roles of the brain and subesophageal ganglion (so.g.) in walking were examined with the use of extracellular microstimulation. Pulses lasting 0.1 ms were delivered to single fiber neck or circumesophageal (co.) connectives. The calculated 1st approximation maximum area of current spread was a sphere 1.5 .mu.m in diameter. Double-recording experiments indicated that usually 1-3 and maximally 7 fibers were stimulated. Walking, jumping, struggling or grooming was evoked from different electrode positions. The effects were reproducible at each position while some behaviors were reproducible from animal to animal. These latter were grouped (evoked by the same ''locus''.). At 7 loci, termed subroutine'' loci, only specific movements were evoked in a resting animal. When the animal was active these movements were incorporated into the ongoing behavior. Loci evoking walking (73) were derived from 163 stimulating positions. Ten loci were common to both connectives, 37 were found only in the co. connective and 26 only in the neck connective. At most neck connective positions several such trains to continual stimulation were required to evoke walking. Increasing the stimulus frequency above the optimum produced abnormal movements or struggling. There was no evidence that the behavior evoked depended on stimulus frequency. The 73 loci evoked different types of walking or turning. Parameters of leg movement, of coordination and of coupling between the sides (as in turning), even the phase of the local pattern generators, can be determined by influence from the head ganglia. The effectiveness of stimulation at each locus depended on the behavioral context at the time of stimulation, e.g, most loci were ineffective in evoking their type of walking if the animal was already walking or otherwise active. They may suppress other behaviors. Experiments where lesions were combined with microstimulation suggested that both the brain and the so.g. contribute recommendations initiating and determining the type of walking and in mixing information from both brain and so.g. halves and distributing it to both sides of the body. Walking is probably normally inititated by many fibers acting in consensus, sending their recommendations for specific walking types to the local pattern generators giving the system the ability to match walking output to a large variety of inputs, therefore providing the flexibility required of any model purporting to explain this enormously adaptable behavior.